Women's Employment, Unpaid Work, and Economic Inequality

Folbre, Nancy; Gornick, Janet C.; Connolly, Helen; Munzi, Teresa

doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804778244.003.0009

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…However, a better comparison would have been with studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa with relatively similar background characteristics of family caregivers. However, there has been much less investigation into the economic burden of family caregiving for the elderly in Africa reflecting an ongoing reluctance to make public the ‘private’ work of families [18]. Further investigation into this may be needful in other African countries to enable comparison across similar jurisdiction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic burden of family caregiving for elderly population in southern Ghana: the case of a peri-urban district

Nortey¹,

Aryeetey

Aikins

et al. 2017

Int J Equity Health

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BackgroundHealth systems in low and lower-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa, often lack the specialized personnel and infrastructure to provide comprehensive care for elderly/ageing populations. Close-to-client community-based approaches are a low-cost way of providing basic care and social support for elderly populations in such resource-constrained settings and family caregivers play a crucial role in that regard. However, family caregiving duties are often unremunerated and their care-related economic burden is often overlooked though this knowledge is important in designing or scaling up effective interventions. The objective of this study, therefore, was to estimate the economic burden of family caregiving for the elderly in southern Ghana.MethodsThe study was a retrospective cross-sectional cost-of-care study conducted in 2015 among family caregivers for elderly registered for a support group in a peri-urban district in southern Ghana. A simple random sample of 98 respondents representative of the support group members completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Costs were assessed over a 1-month period. Direct costs of caregiving (including out-of-pocket costs incurred on health care) as well as productivity losses (i.e. indirect cost) to caregivers were analysed. Intangible costs were assessed using the 12-item Zarit burden interview (ZBI) tool and the financial cost dimension of the cost of care index.ResultsThe estimated average cost of caregiving per month was US$186.18, 66% of which was direct cost. About 78% of the family caregivers in the study reported a high level of caregiving burden (as measured with the ZBI) with females reporting a relatively higher level than males. Further, about 87% of the family caregivers reported a high level of financial stress as a result of caregiving for their elderly relative.ConclusionThe study shows that support/caregiving for elderly populations imposes economic burden on families, potentially influencing the economic position of families with attendant implications for equity and future family support for such vulnerable populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic burden of family caregiving for elderly population in southern Ghana: the case of a peri-urban district

Nortey¹,

Aryeetey

Aikins

et al. 2017

Int J Equity Health

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“…Intrinsic motivation may play a more important role in care activities as care work involves more nonpecuniary amenities than many other forms of work ( Folbre & Smith, 2017 ). In the context of care work, intrinsic motivation encourages workers to engage in caregiving for personal reasons/priorities based on a sense of moral obligation, meaningfulness and fulfillment, autonomy at work, and/or affective relations with care recipients ( England, 2005 ) and conformity to caring norms by caregiving itself ( Folbre & Smith, 2017 ) rather than for extrinsic rewards. This form of motivation reflects a desire to engage in care work because an individual finds the work pleasant, is motivated by feelings of love/attachment, and/or feels this work is socially valuable ( Folbre & Nelson, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Pay Satisfaction Among Caregivers in Residential Home for the Elderly in China: The Mediating Role of Job Burnout

Wang

Liu

et al. 2020

Journal of Nursing Research

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Background According to the theory of compensating differentials, caregivers with high levels of intrinsic motivation should exhibit a higher-than-average satisfaction with their pay. Whereas studies conducted in Western countries have provided empirical evidence for the theory of compensating differentials in various care settings, few studies have been conducted in China that focus on caregivers employed in residential homes for the elderly (RHE). The sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers in China different significantly from their counterparts in Western countries. Purpose This study was developed to analyze the mediating role of job burnout to assess the influence of intrinsic motivation on pay satisfaction among caregivers in RHE. Methods Structural equation modeling was used to examine the influences of intrinsic motivation on pay satisfaction in a sample of 1,212 caregivers employed in RHE in China by analyzing the mediating role of job burnout. Results Intrinsic motivation was found to relate positively to pay satisfaction (β = .11, p < .05). Negative relationships were identified between intrinsic motivation and job burnout (β = −.46, p < .01) and between job burnout and pay satisfaction (β = −.13, p < .01). Job burnout was found to have a significant mediating effect on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and pay satisfaction (β = .06, p < .01). Conclusions/Implications for Practice A significant relationship was found between intrinsic motivation and pay satisfaction, with job burnout playing a mediating role in caregivers employed in RHE in China. This research has profound implications for nursing education, practice, and research. First, greater efforts should be focused on instilling nursing values in nursing students to foster intrinsic motivation. Second, nonpecuniary rewards may be offered to caregivers to acknowledge the values of care work and strengthen intrinsic motivation. Third, a supportive working climate should be fostered to reduce job burnout. Fourth, caregivers should be informed of their rights to decent pay and their right to bargain collectively through unions. Fifth, appropriate public policies should be implemented to provide pay for caregivers at levels that recognize and appreciate their intrinsic motivation.

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“…The recognition of this possibility has been evident in the growing body of literature analyzing distributional variation in unpaid work-time shifts (Folbre et al 2013;Meyer and Sullivan 2008;Zacharias, Antonopoulos, and Masterson 2012). However, the question of the link between poverty status and unpaid work-time changes during the Great Recession has not yet received due attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the final effect of income shocks on the adjustments in the unpaid work time of poor and nonpoor individuals is ambiguous and has to be assessed empirically. Although a growing body of empirical literature has evaluated the link between household production activities and income distribution, this question has not received its due attention in the context of the Great Recession (Folbre et al 2013;Frazis and Stewart 2006;Gelber and Mitchell 2008;Meyer and Sullivan 2008;Zacharias, Antonopoulos, and Masterson 2012). with the NBER recession dating (NBER, 2010).…”

Section: Literature and Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Great Recession and Unpaid Work Time in the United States: Does Poverty Matter?

Khitarishvili

Kim

2014

SSRN Journal

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Women's Employment, Unpaid Work, and Economic Inequality

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Economic burden of family caregiving for elderly population in southern Ghana: the case of a peri-urban district

Economic burden of family caregiving for elderly population in southern Ghana: the case of a peri-urban district

The Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Pay Satisfaction Among Caregivers in Residential Home for the Elderly in China: The Mediating Role of Job Burnout

The Great Recession and Unpaid Work Time in the United States: Does Poverty Matter?

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