Women's Moral Development in Search of Philosophical Assumptions∗

Sichel, Betty A.

doi:10.1080/0305724850140301

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Even granting that moral maturity is characterized by the ability to maintain both the justice and the care perspective in some sort of tension, this formulation does not resolve the question of how individuals should solve moral problems-the question of whether and when either moral voice should take precedence (Sichel, 1985). Although it is possible and, Gilligan might suggest, necessary to perceive moral problems from multiple perspectives, moral action requires choice, and Gilligan's framework offers few guidelines as to which moral voice is more adequate in which situations.…”

Section: What Constitutes Moral Maturity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been little discussion of how or why individuals move from one level of care to the next. Although Gilligan (1982) suggested that individuals progress through these levels in times of crisis, it is not clear if one reaches the highest level and remains there or if each new crisis causes the cycle to start anew (Sichel, 1985). The latter would suggest that the levels of care reasoning represent a process by which individuals resolve moral problems rather than a developmental sequence in which each level represents an advance in moral maturity.…”

Section: Levels Of Care Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As various critics have pointed out, it is not always clear what Gilligan believes is the relationship between the justice and care orientations or what constitutes moral maturity (Auerbach, Blum, Smith, & Williams, 1985; Flanagan & Jackson, 1987; Mason, 1990; Puka, 1991; Sichel, 1985; Walker, 1995). Most commonly, Gilligan has drawn on the metaphor of the ambiguous figure to illustrate her discussion of moral reasoning.…”

Section: What Constitutes Moral Maturity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis.

Jaffee¹,

Hyde²

2000

Psychological Bulletin

574

320

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C. Gilligan's (1982) critique of L. Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning and her assertion that two modes of moral reasoning (justice and care) exist have been the subject of debate within the field of psychology for more than 15 years. This meta-analysis was conducted to review quantitatively the work on gender differences in moral orientation. The meta-analysis revealed small differences in the care orientation favoring females (d = -.28) and small differences in the justice orientation favoring males (d = .19). Together, the moderator variables accounted for 16% of the variance in the effect sizes for care reasoning and 17% of the variance in the effect sizes for justice reasoning. These findings do not offer strong support for the claim that the care orientation is used predominantly by women and that the justice orientation is used predominantly by men.

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Section: What Constitutes Moral Maturity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Levels Of Care Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Constitutes Moral Maturity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis.

Jaffee¹,

Hyde²

2000

Psychological Bulletin

574

320

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As pointed out by Colby and Damon (1983), considerations of care are represented at each stage in the Moral Judgment Interview scoring scheme, and consequently, Kohlberg's cognitive‐developmental framework may encompass both care and justice. Critics have constantly argued that in order to make the ethic of care equal to the ethic of justice, its developmental sequence should be empirically evidenced (Puka, 1990; Rest, 1986; Sichel, 1985; Tronto, 1993). More specifically, Kohlberg, Levine and Hewer (1983) maintained that if the ethic of care should deserve the status of “hard stage”, its progression over time, invariant sequence, structured wholeness and relationship to action should be demonstrated, as has been the case for justice development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ethic of care development: A longitudinal study of moral reasoning among practical‐nursing, social‐work and law‐enforcement students

Juujärvi

2006

Scandinavian J Psychology

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The study investigated changes in care-based moral reasoning, in the context of justice development over the 2-year period among practical-nursing, bachelor-degree social-work and law-enforcement students (N = 59). Main measures were Skoe's Ethic of Care Interview and Colby et al.'s Moral Judgment Interview. Of the participants 34% progressed in care reasoning, and 48% in justice reasoning. Social-work and nursing students progressed in care reasoning, and all groups progressed in justice reasoning. One participant (1.7%) regressed in care reasoning. Care and justice reasoning were parallel in terms of internal consistency, and they were positively related to each other. Findings suggest that care reasoning follows a developmental sequence, involving three main and two transitional levels, as suggested by Gilligan (1982). Main levels include self-concern (Level 1), caring for others (Level 2), and balanced caring for self and others (Level 3).

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“…2 2 The term “responsiveness” is not used by Gilligan. Throughout In A Different Voice , she uses the term “responsibility.” However, since responsibility has traditionally been aligned with deontological theories, theories of rights and justice, I modify her term “responsibility” to “responsiveness.” See Lyons 1983; Sichel 1985. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics of Caring and the Institutional Ethics Committee

Sichel¹

1989

Hypatia

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Institutional ethics committees (lECs) in health care facilities now create moral policy, provide moral education, and consult with physicians and other health care workers. After sketching reasons for the development of IECs, this paper first examines the predominant moral standards it is often assumed lECs are now using, these standards being neo‐Kantian principles of justice and utilitarian principles of the greatest good. Then, it is argued that a feminine ethics of care, as posited by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings, is an unacknowledged basis for /EC discussions and decisions. Further, it is suggested that feminine ethics of care can and should provide underlying theoretical tools and standards for lECs.

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Women's Moral Development in Search of Philosophical Assumptions∗

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis.

Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis.

The ethic of care development: A longitudinal study of moral reasoning among practical‐nursing, social‐work and law‐enforcement students

Ethics of Caring and the Institutional Ethics Committee

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