“…This finding converges with those of earlier studies (e.g., Dopelt et al, 2019;Martins et al, 2019b) although cannot clearly support studies claiming that men demonstrate higher levels of knowledge than women (Abdullah, 2021;Chen et al, 2015b;Cotton et al, 2015;2018) or vice versa (Akitsu & Ishihara, 2019;Akitsu et al, 2017). Our results confirm the impact of gender on energy literacy confirming that women demonstrate a more positive attitude and greater energy-friendly behaviors than men, a finding already highlighted by recent research (Bahrami & Mohammadi, 2021;Cotton et al, 2018;Dopelt et al 2019;Martins et al, 2020bMartins et al, , 2021Martins et al, , 2022. This result may be attributed to women's social and structural position in society (Blocker & Eckberg, 1997), although according to Hayes (2001, p. 670), differences in attitudes "are simply a by-product of gender disparities in scientific literacy".…”