Women Workers in India: Why So Few Among So Many?

Das, Sonali; Jain-Chandra, Sonali; Kochhar, Kalpana; Kumar, Naresh

doi:10.5089/9781498315005.001

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The Pew Research surveys find that 84 percent of Indians agree with the statement: "when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women" (Pew Research Center 2010). Such attitudes are found to be negatively correlated with women's labor force participation across many countries and are a reflection of social norms that reinforce the traditional role of women and also mediate the way institutions treat women and perpetuate gender inequality in the labor market (Das et al 2015;World Bank 2013). Norms are often selfperpetuating, in that employers and investors look for what they expect to find.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India

Das¹,

Zumbyte²

2017

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The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India

Das¹,

Zumbyte²

2017

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“…Gender empowerment, identified as one of the key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, is given major emphasis globally. The studies by several researchers across different crops, agriculture commodities, and farming systems in India (Das et al 2015;Chayal et al 2013;Waris and Viraktamath 2013) have identified the importance of gender empowerment in agriculture and found that a large gender gap in agriculture exists in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does climate-smart village approach influence gender equality in farming households? A case of two contrasting ecologies in India

et al. 2018

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Evidence from climate-smart village (CSV) approach to mainstream climate-smart agriculture (CSA) demonstrates improved productivity, income, and reduced climatic risks. However, its contribution to gender empowerment in diverse farming households is not documented. This study creates a Gender Empowerment Index for climate-smart villages (GEI-CSV) based on four major measurable indicators-political, economic, agricultural, and social. The gender gap was derived by mapping difference in empowerment levels across selected CSVs and non-CSVs. These indicators can be used as a vital tool to understand the process of gender empowerment that can trigger the entry points to achieve gender equality, which is also an important aspect in the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices (CSAPs). The study measures empowerment at the inter-household and intra-household level across CSVs and non-CSVs from the individual household survey with both female and male members of the same household. This paper provides evidence demonstrating how gender empowerment differs in CSVs and non-CSVs from selected climate-smart villages (community-based approach) in two contrasting ecologies and socioeconomic settings of India. The study documents the existing gender gap in CSVs and non-CSVs across India's western (Haryana) and eastern (Bihar) Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Irrespective of CSVs and non-CSVs, considerable differences in outlook and gender gap were observed between Bihar and Haryana. Both women and men in Bihar are less empowered than they are in Haryana. High empowerment level in CSVs than non-CSVs shows that the concept of CSVs has brought a change towards knowledge and capacity enhancement of both women and men farmers promoting gender equality in farming households with a varying scope of interventions made and required for scaling CSAPs across the diversity of farming households.

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“…Female labor force participation (FLFP), which is at one-third of male labor force participation, has been falling over time. Lack of employment opportunities in the formal (organized) sector is an important contributor to the declining trend in female labor force participation (Khera, , 2016aDas et al, 2015; Chatterjee et al, 2015). Informal (unorganized) sector employment constitutes more than 90 percent of total employment, and females are largely employed in low productivity informal jobs in the agriculture and services sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closing Gender Gaps in India: Does Increasing Womens' Access to Finance Help?

Khera

2018

IMF Working Papers

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Gender gaps in womens' economic opportunities-labor market and entrepreneurship-have remained high in India. Lack of adequate collateral limits women entrepreneurs' ability to access formal finance, leaving them to rely on informal sources, constraining their growth. A small-open economy DSGE model is built to investigate the long-run macroeconomic impacts from closing gender gaps in financial access. Results suggest that an increase in women entrepreneurs access to formal credit results in higher female entrepreneurship and employment, which boosts India's output by 1.6 percent. However, regulations and gender-specific constraints in the labor market limit potential gains as females' access to quality jobs in the formal sector remains restricted. The paper shows that the factors influencing the number of females are different from those influencing the share of females in formal economic activity. Combining gender-targeted financial inclusion policies with policies that lower constraints on formal sector employment could boost India's output by 6.8 percent.

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Women Workers in India: Why So Few Among So Many?

Cited by 64 publications

References 14 publications

The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India

The Motherhood Penalty and Female Employment in Urban India

Does climate-smart village approach influence gender equality in farming households? A case of two contrasting ecologies in India

Closing Gender Gaps in India: Does Increasing Womens' Access to Finance Help?

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