Wood-Based Cellulose Nanofibrils: Haemocompatibility and Impact on the Development and Behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract

Wood-based cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) offer an excellent scaffold for drug-delivery formulation development. However, toxicity and haemocompatibility of the drug carrier is always an important issue. In this study, toxicity-related issues of CNF were addressed. Different doses of CNF were orally administered to Drosophila and different tests like the developmental cycle, trypan blue exclusion assay, larva crawling assay, thermal sensitivity assay, cold sensitivity assay, larval light preference test, climbing behaviour, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay, adult phenotype, and adult weight were conducted to observe the impact on its development and behaviour. A haemocompatibility assay was done on the blood taken from healthy Wistar rats. In Drosophila, the abnormalities in larval development and behaviour were observed in the behavioural assays. However, the cytotoxic effect could not be confirmed by the gut staining and level of reactive oxygen species. The larvae developed into an adult without any abnormality in the phenotype. The CNF did cause loss of weight in the adult flies and did not cause much toxicity within the body since there was no phenotypic defect. Hemolysis data also suggested that CNF was safe at lower doses, as the data was well within acceptable limits. All these results suggest that cellulose nanofibres have no significant cytotoxic effects on Drosophila. However, the developmental and behavioural abnormalities suggest that CNF may act as a behavioural teratogen.

Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review

“…However, measurements of Bt corn uptake and insecticide use in the US indicate that the overall pesticide use dropped 0.6% per year between 1980 and 2007. It is yet to be investigated further whether an increase in pesticide use is warranted underdevelopment of some resistant insects [144].…”

Graphene Oxide Carboxymethylcellulose Nanocomposite for Dressing Materials

“…Cellulose is a natural polysaccharide polymer composed of D-glucose units linked together, which can be found in the cell walls of plants and algae, exhibiting properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity [31]. Thus, cellulose represents a very attractive material for several biomedical applications, including membranes for dialysis, encapsulating agent for drug delivery [32], endotoxin encapsulation and removal, biodegradable implants, dressings for wound treatment, and in-bone regeneration and tissue engineering scaffolds [33].…”

Functional Inactivation of Drosophila GCK Orthologs Causes Genomic Instability and Oxidative Stress in a Fly Model of MODY-2

“…Moreover, ROS can also attack DNA by producing chromosome damage, as testified by chromosome breakage found in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes [47]. To detect the presence of ROS in Hex-A RNAi and Hex-C RNAi larval hemolymph, we used the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, in which the interaction of NBT with superoxide generates a product (formazan) whose absorbance correlates with the amount of ROS [48]. As shown in Figure 4D, we found that ROS content in Hex-A RNAi as well as Hex-C RNAi larval hemolymph was higher compared to that of controls, suggesting that ROS can have a causal effect on CAB formation in GCK-depleted cells.…”