Wood-density variation of Norway spruce in relation to nutrient optimization and fibre dimensions

Mäkinen, Harri; Saranpää, Pekka; Linder, Sune

doi:10.1139/x01-186

Cited by 121 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Many authors mentioned that a growth increase might lead to a decrease of wood quality, especially in regard to mechanical properties, those being necessary for wood products used for structural applications (Shmulsky and Jones, 2011). A growth increase can lead to a decrease in wood density (Mâkinen et al, 2002), particularly due to an increase in the number of earlywood cells with nearly no change within the latewood cells (Wang et aL, 2002;Zhang, 1998). However, our results showed a direct relationship between the rate of growth and wood quality for Picea mariana.…”

Section: 3 Wood Qualitycontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Several European researchers have found that a growth increase can lead to a decrease of wood quality (Mâkinen et aL, 2002;Shmulsky and Jones, 2011), but the relationship between this behavior and specially in black spruce is not described for North America. The knowledge of how wood quality and growth rate are related in this species will lead to optimization of the final products depending on geographical location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du bois de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (MILL.) B.S.P.) le long d'un gradient alti-latitudinal /

Calderon¹

2013

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RESUMEAu Québec, l'épinette noire est l'espèce la plus abondante ainsi que récoltée de la forêt boréale.L'exploitation forestière commence dans les régions du sud avant de se déplacer vers le nord.L'industrie forestière ne tien pas compte de la qualité du bois selon l'emplacement géographique du bois récolté. Selon la littérature, la croissance radiale devrait diminuer avec l'augmentation de la latitude, mais peu d'informations sont disponibles pour l'épinette noire dans la province de Québec. Encore moins d'informations sont disponibles en ce qui concerne le développement de la qualité du bois.Cette recherche vise à évaluer la croissance et la qualité du bois d'épinettes noires qui poussent le long d'un gradient alti-latitudinal, ainsi que les changements liés à l'âge, qui induisent différentes propriétés du bois.Dans cinq sites situés sur un gradient nord -sud, cinq arbres dominants ont été choisis dans chaque site pour l'analyse de la croissance, les caractéristiques anatomiques, les caractéristiques des trachéides, la densité du bois et la résistance mécanique. Toutes les analyses ont été effectuées à partir de la moelle jusqu'à l'écorce. La croissance a été mesurée de la base de l'arbre jusqu'au sommet. L'analyse de la dimension de la cellule et des caractéristiques anatomiques a été effectuée à 1,3 mètre de l'arbre sur un cerne sur trois. La masse volumique du bois a été évaluée à 1,3 mètre de l'arbre par mesure continue de la moelle à l'écorce. La résistance mécanique été évaluée couvrant la totalité de l'âge de l'arbre, sur une coupe prise entre 0.5 et 1 m.Les résultats nous ont montré que l'épinette noire présente une faible productivité à des latitudes plus élevées et des valeurs plus faibles de la qualité du bois en termes de résistance mécanique et de la masse volumique du bois. La longueur des trachéides était la seule caractéristique qui semble s'améliorer à des latitudes plus élevées, mais cela n'a pas été prouvé car l'âge des arbres recueillies sur le site du nord était trop jeune pour être comparés avec ceux des autres sites.Presque tous les paramètres évalués ont augmenté avec l'âge cambial, mais à un taux différent en fonction de latitude.Cette recherche a prouvé qu'au Québec, le développement de la qualité du bois de l'épinette noire n'est pas directement proportionnel avec la latitude, contrairement à ce qui a été observé pour les, espèces européennes. Aussi, le développement de la croissance radiale a suivi la tendance de la littérature en diminuant avec une augmentation de latitude. ABSTRACTIn Quebec, black spruce is the most abundant and harvested tree specie, forest harvesting started in the southern regions before moving north. Forest industries does not discriminate the wood quality which should be different in regard of their origin. It is stated in the literature that radial growth decreases with increasing latitude, but little information is available for black spruce in the province of Quebec. There is even less information with regard to development of the wood quality. {This rese...

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Section: 3 Wood Qualitycontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du bois de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (MILL.) B.S.P.) le long d'un gradient alti-latitudinal /

Calderon¹

2013

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“…Franceschini et al, 2010). WD in Norway spruce has been shown to present an age-dependent trend from pith to bark (Dutilleul et al, 1998;Hylen, 1999;Mäkinen et al, 2002), apart from the juvenile wood effect. In our study, the juvenile effect was not included for simplicity (series were pruned to exclude the first 3 years) but also because rings near pith anyway are often missing when working with increment cores.…”

Section: Modelling Wood Density For Biomass Incrementmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The relation between wood density, ring width, and cambial age were proven to fluctuate between trees sampled within a same stand for many species: oak (Guilley et al, 2004;Bergès et al, 2008), common beech (Bouriaud et al, 2004), Norway spruce (Mäkinen et al, 2002;Jaakola et al, 2005;Franceschini et al, 2010). For a given radial growth rate, the trees are building more or less biomass and so storing more or less carbon, according to the density of the wood.…”

Section: Variations Between Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of wood density in tree-ring-based annual productivity assessments and its errors in Norway spruce

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Estimations of tree annual biomass increments are used by a variety of studies related to forest productivity or carbon fluxes. Biomass increment estimations can be easily obtained from diameter surveys or historical diameter reconstructions based on tree rings' records. However, the biomass models rely on the assumption that wood density is constant. Converting volume increment into biomass also requires assumptions about the wood density. Wood density has been largely reported to vary both in time and between trees. In Norway spruce, wood density is known to increase with decreasing ring width. This could lead to underestimating the biomass or carbon deposition in bad years. The variations between trees of wood density have never been discussed but could also contribute to deviations. A modelling approach could attenuate these effects but will also generate errors.Here a model of wood density variations in Norway spruce, and an allometric model of volume growth were developed. We accounted for variations in wood density both between years and between trees, based on specific measurements. We compared the effects of neglecting each variation source on the estimations of annual biomass increment. We also assessed the errors of the biomass increment predictions at tree level, and of the annual productivity at plot level.Our results showed a partial compensation of the decrease in ring width in bad years by the increase in wood density. The underestimation of the biomass increment in those years reached 15 %. The errors related to the use of an allometric model of volume growth were modest, around ±15 %. The errors related to variations in wood density were much larger, the biggest component being the inter-tree variability. The errors in plot-level annual biomass productivity reached up to 40 %, with a full account of all the error sources.

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“…Extractivefree wood possibly favors char and gas yields during pyrolysis 41 . Furthermore, hardwoods typically have higher densities compared to softwoods, and external factors like silviculture practices can alter density 44 . The main biomass constituent that favors char formation was found to be lignin 41 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charcoal “Mines” in the Norwegian Woods

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT:This paper reviews lab-scale flash carbonization experiments under elevated pressure using Norwegian wood as a feedstock. Norway's silicon and ferrosilicon industry has been urged to reduce fossil CO 2 emissions by increasing the use of charcoal as a substitute for coal and coke in the reduction process. As charcoal is not produced in Norway, large amounts of it are imported from South-Asia. Norway now intends to produce charcoal locally using optimum carbonization techniques from local biomass and forestry waste. That is where the pressurized flash carbonization experiments come in. Birch, spruce and forest residue or GROT samples (GRener Og Topper, i.e. branches and tops) were carbonized, enabling the analysis of the impact of pressure and FC canister insulation on their respective fixed carbon yields. Forest residue (FR) proved to be proper to make charcoal, as fixed carbon contents of 80% could be achieved at moderate pressures. The fixed carbon yields of spruce and birch wood reached over 90% of their theoretical values. The high charcoal yields can result in remarkable cost savings for the metallurgical industry, while at the same time making excessive deforestation unnecessary. The use of coal will soon be abandoned and charcoal 'mines' could become an obvious choice. 1.IntroductionBecause of the increasing demand for (Si-based) solar panels, for computer chips (following Moore's law) and for silicon for the massive metal production of countries like China 1 , the demand for silicon alloys and other ferroalloys has never been higher. The metal and alloy industry heavily depends on coal as a raw product. In electric arc furnaces, coal acts as a reductant and a carbon source, while in the older blast furnaces coal also acts as an energy source.These industries will not face raw silicon shortages, because over 25% of the earth's crust consists of this element, usually found in the form of silica SiO 2 . However, justifying the use of coal as a raw product in the manufacturing process of computer chips, photovoltaic panels and other metal commodities will pose a problem, especially with changing climate change policies.There are not many substitutes for coal, but charcoal is one. Charcoal has low ash and sulfur content compared to coal, while still maintaining high SiO reactivity, which makes charcoal

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Wood-density variation of Norway spruce in relation to nutrient optimization and fibre dimensions

Cited by 121 publications

References 19 publications

Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du bois de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (MILL.) B.S.P.) le long d'un gradient alti-latitudinal /

Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du bois de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (MILL.) B.S.P.) le long d'un gradient alti-latitudinal /

Influence of wood density in tree-ring-based annual productivity assessments and its errors in Norway spruce

Charcoal “Mines” in the Norwegian Woods

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