Wood preservation by low-temperature carbonisation

Gosselink, R.J.A.; Krosse, A.M.A; Putten, J.C. van der; Kolk, J.C. van der; Klerk-Engels, B. de; Dam, J.E.G. van

doi:10.1016/s0926-6690(03)00037-2

Cited by 55 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…According to Table 3, the EMC values of the heat-treated samples decreased with an increase in the heat treatment temperature. The treatment at 225 °C for wood bonded with the PUR adhesive sample resulted in the lowest EMC values, as previously reported (Jämsä and Viitaniemi 2001;Gosselink et al 2004;Metsä-Kortelainen et al 2006). Epmeier et al (2001) examined the effects of heat treatment on the EMC of spruce wood.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Bonding Strength of Some Adhesives in Heat-Treated Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Used for Interior and Exterior Decoration

Uzun¹,

Perçin²,

Altınok³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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Heat-treated wood has an ever-expanding market for exterior and interior applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a heat treatment on the bonding strength of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood that was bonded with melamine formaldehyde (MF), polyurethane (PUR), and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) adhesives. Hornbeam lamellas were heat treated at 150 °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, and 225 °C for 3 h and then bonded. The bonding strength of the specimens was determined. In addition, the density, weight loss, and pH value of the heat-treated wood were investigated. The results showed that the bonding strengths of the heat-treated wood specimens decreased with the temperature of the heat treatment. The bonding strength of the PUR adhesive was higher than the MF and the PVAc-D4.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Bonding Strength of Some Adhesives in Heat-Treated Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Used for Interior and Exterior Decoration

Uzun¹,

Perçin²,

Altınok³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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“…Heat treatment modifies the structure of wood cell wall polymers through different chemical reactions conferring to the material new properties. Heat-treated wood possesses new properties like improved dimensional stability and decay resistance, while its strength decreases more or less according to the treatment conditions (Tjeerdsma et al 1998;Santos et al 2000;Alén et al 2002;Kamdem et al 2002;Pétrissans et al 2003;Gosselink et al 2004;Hakkou et al 2005a-c and2006;Yildiz et al 2006). Due to the improvement of durability towards wood-rotting fungi, heat-treated wood is considered a 'non-biocidal' alternative to classical wood preservatives for applications in hazard classes 2 and 3.…”

Section: Chemical Modifications Using Heat Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood— a review

Gérardin

2015

Annals of Forest Science

200

126

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Key message Increasing environmental pressures appearing over the last few years have led to important changes in the field of wood protection. In this context, new technologies, based either on thermal or chemical modifications, suggest increasing interest in prospect of programmed ban of biocide products.• Context The evolution of the regulations on the use of biocide products has led to important changes in the field of wood preservation, leading to an increasing interest for non-biocide treatments like thermal or chemical modifications to face to the programmed ban of biocide products.• Aims The paper reviews the different non-biocide alternatives developed currently on an industrial scale, highlighting their main characteristics and applications.• Results Different treatments have been developed on an industrial scale involving mainly thermal modifications and acetylation, furfurylation and DMDHEU constituting already available solutions.• Conclusion Different non-biocide alternatives already exist and will become more important in the next decades due to the increasing legislative pressure driven by environmental considerations.

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“…At temperatures from 200 to 350 °C, chemical modification— known as torrefaction—of the wood biopolymers occurs, imparting different properties 227–229. Torrefied wood can be considered an intermediate between the original wood and charcoal 230. Surprisingly, wood that had been treated at temperatures between 300 and 400 °C, appeared to be completely structureless at the molecular scale, both under the transmission electron microscope197 and in small‐angle as well as wide‐angle X‐ray scattering patterns,214, 231 Figure 8.…”

Section: Structure Preservation During Thermal Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in the Replication of Hierarchical Biological Tissues

Paris

Fritz‐Popovski

Opdenbosch

et al. 2013

Adv Funct Materials

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Bioinspired materials research is a continuously growing fi eld in interdisciplinary materials science and engineering with large potential for novel functional materials. One possibility of combining the hierarchical structure of natural materials with the broad range of available constituent materials is biotemplating, i.e., the use of biological materials as scaffolds or casting molds for the synthesis of ceramics, semiconductors, metals, polymers or composites thereof. However, the replication of structural details of complex biological tissues over several levels of hierarchy down to the nanometer level is still a big challenge. The biological templates need to be (made) accessible for the precursor materials down to the nanometer scale, and the desired inorganic replica often require a fi nal thermal treatment with the danger of collapse of the nanostructure. Here, some of the current knowledge about the replication of hierarchical biological materials into ceramics or carbons with special emphasis on wood as a template is reviewed. It is concluded that real hierarchical replication down to the nanometer scale requires a careful preparation of the biological template, followed by elaborate template infi ltration via gas or liquid phases and their transformation into a solid, and fi nally, the gentle removal of the template. Not surprisingly, retaining the replicated material in an amorphous or nanocrystalline state is a key requirement for a successful nanometer-scale replication of biological materials.

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Wood preservation by low-temperature carbonisation

Cited by 55 publications

References 9 publications

Bonding Strength of Some Adhesives in Heat-Treated Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Used for Interior and Exterior Decoration

Bonding Strength of Some Adhesives in Heat-Treated Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Used for Interior and Exterior Decoration

New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood— a review

Recent Progress in the Replication of Hierarchical Biological Tissues

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