Wood Structure

Unger, Achim; Schniewind, Arno P.; Unger, Wibke

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06398-9_3

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Nowadays the biocides most frequently used in the preservation of archaeological wood are chemical preservatives (e.g., quaternary ammonium salts, derivatives of the isothiazolone class, etc.) [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

et al. 2020

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Waterlogged archaeological wood is exposed to a high risk of biological degradation during the post-excavation phases of storage and restoration. For this reason, often biocides must be used to preserve wooden remains. In the present work three essential oils (cinnamon, wild thyme, and common thyme) were tested as possible alternative biocides to use in the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. The oils were first tested in vitro to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and to evaluate the biocidal activity on selected fungal strains. Then, the established MIC was applied on waterlogged archaeological wood samples and during an actual restoration treatment. The effectiveness of the oils was evaluated through cultural analyses, ATP quantification, and next-generation sequencing. The results showed that the oils caused a significant decrease in the vitality of fungal mycelia grown in vitro and of the microbiota present in treated wood and storage water. Furthermore, an influence on the composition of the bacterial communities of treated wood samples was observed. Although further tests are needed to evaluate interferences with the materials used during restoration procedures, essential oils could be considered as a possible alternative to the currently used biocide.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

et al. 2020

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“…For centuries, wood has been used in the construction of houses, ships, weapons and various tools, among other things. Due to its chemical composition, this natural organic material is easily colonized by microorganisms and insects, leading to its deterioration under conditions favourable for their growth [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, fluorine, arsenic, chromium and copper compounds were utilized, which were often toxic to humans. Chemicals used to protect wood were first mentioned in ancient times, e.g., precious wood soaked in cedar oil by Egyptians [ 2 , 9 ]. Currently, the most commonly used preservatives are copper compounds, chromium, boric acid, azoles or quaternary ammonium compounds [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protection of Historical Wood against Microbial Degradation—Selection and Application of Microbiocides

Koziróg

Rajkowska

Otlewska

et al. 2016

IJMS

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The aim of this study was to select effective and safe microbiocides for the disinfection and protection of historical wooden surfaces at the former Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp. We tested seven active compounds against bacteria and moulds, of which didecyldimethylammonium chloride and N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine were effective even at 0.02%–2%. Subsequently, eight microbiocides containing the selected active ingredients were chosen and applied three times on the surface of wood samples colonized by bacteria and moulds. ABM-1 and ABM-2—6% solution; Rocima 101—8%; Preventol R 80—12%; Acticide 706 LV—15% and Boramon—30% were the most effective disinfectants. Under laboratory conditions, ABM-1, Boramon and Rocima 101 ensured antimicrobial protection of new wood samples for six months. In situ, 30% Boramon and 8% Rocima 101 applied by spraying effectively protected the historical wood from bacterial and mould growth for 12 and 3 months, respectively. Colour and luminance of the new wood were not altered after exposure to the biocides. Boramon and Rocima 101, applied by the spraying method, caused no significant change in the colour of the historical wood. Results from this study were used to develop a procedure for the protection of wood in historical buildings against biodeterioration.

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“…Charcoal was found in most of cremation pits in the Czarnówko site and the majority of charcoal samples were in a relatively good state of preservation. Wood fragments survived in skeletal burials due to the contact with bronze artifacts that release tin oxide that preserved the buried organic substances (Figure 3B) (Unger et al 2001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Charcoal and Wood from Czarnowko Site (Pomerania Region, Poland): ¹⁴C Dating Versus Relative Chronology Show Consistent Evidence of Wielbark Culture Presence

et al. 2017

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This article presents the results of interdisciplinary analysis of samples from the Czarnówko archaeological site in northern Poland, reporting the first radiocarbon dates for the site in comparison with its relative chronology. The site is of high importance because of its scale and opulence of artifacts. It was used for over 900 yr, from the 7th century BC up to the 3rd century AD, by populations of different cultures (the Lusatian, Pomeranian, Oksywie, and Wielbark). Samples of charcoal, wood, and textile were collected from different features, most of them from burials. Charcoal was taken from cremation pits, while wood was sampled from coffins in skeletal burials. Among samples collected during archaeological excavations in 2008 and 2010, 20 were chosen for 14C dating and macro- and microscopic observations. Images taken using a scanning electron microscope revealed the microstructure and preservation level of the specimens. An emphasis was also placed on geomorphological and geological research of the site area to gain information about the environmental conditions influencing the samples’ preservation state, e.g. pH, type, origin and permeability of sediment, and accumulation of organic matter. The obtained calibrated 14C ages are in agreement with the relative chronology based on the typology of artifacts and stratigraphic site reconstructions.

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Wood Structure

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Protection of Historical Wood against Microbial Degradation—Selection and Application of Microbiocides

Analysis of Charcoal and Wood from Czarnowko Site (Pomerania Region, Poland): ¹⁴C Dating Versus Relative Chronology Show Consistent Evidence of Wielbark Culture Presence

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Wood Structure

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Protection of Historical Wood against Microbial Degradation—Selection and Application of Microbiocides

Analysis of Charcoal and Wood from Czarnowko Site (Pomerania Region, Poland): 14C Dating Versus Relative Chronology Show Consistent Evidence of Wielbark Culture Presence

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Analysis of Charcoal and Wood from Czarnowko Site (Pomerania Region, Poland): ¹⁴C Dating Versus Relative Chronology Show Consistent Evidence of Wielbark Culture Presence