Wool Smuggling and the Royal Government in England, c.1337–63: Law Enforcement and the Moral Economy in the Late Middle Ages

Abstract

The process of law enforcement helped to shape the state in the Middle Ages. This article uses an extensive array of court records to provide the first detailed account of royal efforts to police the illegal export of wool in mid-fourteenth century England, when the wool trade was subjected to unprecedented levels of taxation and discussed in moral, as well as fiscal, terms. It shows that these efforts remained heavily centralized in terms of both personnel and institutional form when many other areas of royal law enforcement were becoming increasingly devolved. The article then situates this centralized enforcement form within contemporary criticisms of royal taxation, the place of the royal courts in the wider legal geography of commercial regulation, and the localized dynamic underpinning many legal processes. It argues that the enforcement process was shaped and, indeed, blunted by a critical debate over the extent of royal power and its place within England’s “moral economy.” By situating the regulation of the wool trade in this series of regulatory and economic contexts at a particularly important moment in the development of the late medieval tax state, this article reveals wool smuggling to be a subject of wider significance to historians interested in the nature and—particularly—the limits of royal power and royal law in medieval England.

Review of periodical literature for 2022: (ii) 1100–1500

“…Raven contributed two articles exploring wool smuggling during the reign of Edward III. In this journal, he demonstrates the significance of the illicit trade of wool as an informal economic sector, showing that smuggling occurred both along less regulated parts of England's coastline and through weaknesses which allowed collusion between merchants and officials in regulated customs ports.…”

“…He further argues for a potential change in crown policy after 1343, as the royal government attempted to build a ‘community of interest’ with parts of the mercantile elite by helping them monopolise the wool trade through Calais. In Law and History Review , Raven considers the legal mechanisms through which wool smuggling was prosecuted. He argues that the crown struggled to secure the support of local elites to prevent this illicit trade as the heavy burdens placed on wool exports through taxation jarred with the ‘moral economy’ of royal economic paternalism held by English society.…”