Wootz Damascus steel of ancient orient

Perttula, Juha

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0692.2004.00672.x

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[14]). A quantitative assessment of this feature, however, proved difficult [61]. Perttula concluded from experiments with leather that the blade may be superb if the Cm-rich layers locate on the ultimate cutting edge [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of several historic blades at nanoscale

Reibold

Pätzke

Levin

et al. 2009

Cryst. Res. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Comparison of the structure of ancient Damascene steel blades at nanoscale with more recent ones -all made using crucible (wootz) technology and exhibiting ultra-high carbon content -showed for the first time a common feature. Despite different microstructures, colonies of wire-and tube-like particles with diameters of 40-50 nm have been observed with the aid of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Crystalline Fe 3 C is the main phase forming those particles covered in numerous cases by a tube-like layer. These tubes were also found in an empty or partly -covered filled variant. To assess the strengthening capacity of cementite various models were compared. Dispersion strengthening seems the most efficient. Cutting edge qualities may be related to surface corrugations due to nanoparticles. Dedicated to Prof. Wolfgang Neumann on the occasion of his 65th birthday

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of several historic blades at nanoscale

Reibold

Pätzke

Levin

et al. 2009

Cryst. Res. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It was also essential to have a clean metal surface to allow diffusion bonding . When two or more strips are forge‐welded together, the oxides are trapped between them, forming a relatively continuous layer …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic examination of the 2,300‐year‐old excavated steel plowshare from northern India

Singh¹,

Singh²,

Preeti³

2019

X-Ray Spectrometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present investigation, X‐ray diffractometer, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the plowshare excavated from Ganwaria, UP, India. The main objective of the investigation was to determine the type of alloy, analysis of slag inclusion, and corrosion behavior. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of α‐iron. Microstructure consists of ferrite and pearlite grains; ferrite phase was soft in comparison to the pearlite. Optical micrograph at lower magnification revealed slag inclusions aligned in a specific direction, which indicates that the forge welding technique was used in the manufacturing of the object. The microstructural examination revealed that the object was manufactured from carbon steel. Entrapped slag inclusions were observed by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray mapping, and slags were identified as SiO2 and MgO. Goethite and lepidocrocite corrosion compound were found on the surface of the object.

show abstract

“…The flux served as a reducing agent to remove oxides from the surfaces to be joined, to shield the welded parts from atmospheric gases, and to prevent oxidation, hence ensuring high-quality welding. The welding region between two similar wrought iron strips is characterized by an elevated volume fraction of non-metallic inclusions combined with finer grain than that of the matrix, with the oxides trapped between the strips forming a relatively continuous interfacial layer (Barella et al 2008;Mapelli et al 2007;Perttula 2004;Stern et al 2015, p. 134). Identification of slag inclusions combined with chemical analysis can assist in determining whether an object was made of one or several blooms (Aronson et al 2013;Buchwald and Wivel 1998).…”

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

Iron artefacts from the Akko Tower Wreck, Israel, and their contribution to the ship’s characterization

Cohen

Ashkenazi

Stern

et al. 2016

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Akko Tower Wreck was found inside Akko harbour, Israel, in 1966, next to the Tower of Flies, after which it was named. The shipwreck was excavated in 2012 and 2013. During the underwater excavations, two metal concretions were retrieved, X-rayed, and on opening were found to contain three almost identical iron-bound deadeyes. An iron bolt was also retrieved, covered with concretion. Metallurgical characterization was used to elucidate the manufacturing technology and to date the items. The artefacts were found to be made of annealed wrought iron. The use of wrought iron, forge-welding, and the presence of 0.1-0.2 wt.% Mn may indicate manufacturing in the mid-nineteenth century. Combined with the transition from hemp to chain cable for rigging in 1808, and by the 1840s to wire rope, all the indications are that the deadeyes were made in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The size of the deadeyes, and the dimensions of their chain links, may indicate their use at the topmast of a brig of about 160 T. This agrees with other evidence in suggesting that the Akko Tower Wreck is the remains of a European vessel which sank in Akko harbour about the second quarter of the nineteenth century.

show abstract

Wootz Damascus steel of ancient orient

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Structure of several historic blades at nanoscale

Structure of several historic blades at nanoscale

Microscopic examination of the 2,300‐year‐old excavated steel plowshare from northern India

Iron artefacts from the Akko Tower Wreck, Israel, and their contribution to the ship’s characterization

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About