Words of Violence: “Fear Speech,” or How Violent Conflict Escalation Relates to the Freedom of Expression

Abstract

The limits of the freedom of expression are a perennial discussion in human rights discourse. This article focuses on identifying yardsticks to establish the boundaries of freedom of expression in cases where violence is a risk. It does so by using insights from the social sciences on the escalation of violent conflict. By emphasizing the interaction between violence and discourse, and its effect on antagonisms between groups, it offers an interdisciplinary perspective on an ongoing legal debate. It introduces the notion of "fear speech" and argues that it may be much more salient in this context than hate speech.

Towards a Framework for Acquisition and Analysis of Speeches to Identify Suspicious Contents through Machine Learning

“…for each word in converted_text do (8) if word is in dictionary of language i then (9) counter ⟵ counter + 1 (10) end if (11) end for (12) if counter > max then (13) max ⟵ counter ( 14 Although RNNs are very powerful for learning sequence, they are practically vulnerable to the vanishing gradient problem [35]. Vanishing gradient problem means RNN fails to remember things in long past.…”

“…(2) Goal: a word-to-index dictionary of input documents, Word_to_Index [w] gives the index of the word w (3) index ⟵ 1 (4) Word_to_Index ⟵ { } (5) for document i in do (6) for word in document i do (7) if word not in Word_to_Index then (8) Word_to_Index[word] ⟵ index (9) index ⟵ index + 1 ( 10) else (11) do nothing (the word is already added to the dictionary) ( 12) end if (13) end for (14) end for ALGORITHM 2: Creating word indexed dictionary. 6 Complexity class or speech aimed at insulting any religion or the religious beliefs.…”

“…In this study, we proposed a framework for acquisition and detection of suspicious Bangla speeches. Bangla is one of the most spoken languages in the world 8 , but, to the best of our knowledge, no work was done to detect suspicious Bangla speech. Our proposed system can classify Bangla speech into suspicious and nonsuspicious categories.…”

“…People are freely expressing their emotion, thought, anger, and grudge through speeches. Often this freedom of expression is misused by certain people in society, which causes social controversies [8,9]. e problem is more critical when the religious people give deceptive speeches.…”

Extremism, Free Speech and the Rule of Law: Evaluating the Compliance of Legislation Restricting Extremist Expressions with Article 19 ICCPR

“…violent) methods to realise them when the opportunity presents itself: he argues that even ostensibly not-violent organisations can act as 'stepping stones' to violence as both are ultimately party to a common agenda. 51 Extrapolating from the theory of fear speech posited by Buyse,52 which notes that conflicts escalate when parties use both speech and action in tactics of increasing harshness, it is feasible to reason that extremist expressions referring to violence, especially where underpinned by values running counter to the tenets of liberal democracy, could have a ' conflict escalating' effect, increasing the likelihood of terrorist violence occurring. Indirect causality must be approached with caution though: the more stretched the link between extremism and terrorism becomes, the greater strength there is to arguments that only where incitement exists and speech becomes categorised under Article 20(2) might legality be satisfied.…”