Work, Income, and Material Hardship after Welfare Reform

Danziger, Sheldon; Mary, Corcoran; Heflin, Colleen

doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2000.tb00081.x

Cited by 131 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…There are certainly other types of hardships, but the questions we included were representative of commonly asked questions in national surveys and studies of family hardships. 23,26,27 Third, there is potentially high correlation of variables such as income and caregiver education. However, when we included these variables in the same analysis, it improved the CI estimates and did not change the associations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We characterized hardship by using previously validated questions that were chosen a priori, and 11 survey questions were included. 23,[26][27][28] Specifically, financial hardship was assessed via questions relating to difficulty making ends meet, difficulty obtaining food, looking for work but being unable to find it, and having had to, for financial reasons, not pay rent or utilities, move in with others, pawn or sell possessions, or have creditors demand payment. A family's need to or inability to get help from others or borrow money during times of need was also assessed.…”

Section: Hardship Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family Hardships and Serum Cotinine in Children With Asthma

et al. 2015

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A better understanding of how poverty-related hardships affect child health could highlight remediable intervention targets. Tobacco smoke exposure may be 1 such consequence of family hardship. Our objective was to explore the relationship between family hardships and tobacco exposure, as measured by serum cotinine, a tobacco metabolite, among children hospitalized for asthma. METHODS:We prospectively enrolled a cohort of 774 children, aged 1 to 16 years, admitted for asthma or bronchodilator-responsive wheezing. The primary outcome was detectable serum cotinine. We assessed family hardships, including 11 financial and social variables, through a survey of the child's caregiver. We used logistic regression to evaluate associations between family hardship and detectable cotinine. RESULTS:We had complete study data for 675 children; 57% were African American, and 74% were enrolled in Medicaid. In total, 56% of children had detectable cotinine. More than 80% of families reported $1 hardship, and 41% reported $4 hardships. Greater numbers of hardships were associated with greater odds of having detectable cotinine. Compared with children in families with no hardships, those in families with $4 hardships had 3.7-fold (95% confidence interval, 2.0-7.0) greater odds of having detectable serum cotinine in adjusted analyses. Lower parental income and educational attainment were also independently associated with detectable serum cotinine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hardship Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Hardships and Serum Cotinine in Children With Asthma

et al. 2015

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“…In a 1996 job readiness survey conducted by the California Department of Social Services, 24 percent of participants who had problems finding jobs stated that transportation was a barrier to their employment success. Other studies also find widespread transportation problems among welfare participants (19). Additionally, a growing number of studies show the relationship between transportation barriers and employment outcomes.…”

Section: Transporation and Access To Jobsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cars, Buses, and Jobs: Welfare Participants and Employment Access in Los Angeles

Blumenberg¹,

Ong

2001

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

101

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Some studies suggest that, among other obstacles to employment, welfare participants face a spatial separation from jobs and employment-related services. Using data on welfare participants, low-wage jobs, and public transit in Los Angeles County, an examination was made of the relative access that welfare participants have to employment opportunities. The analysis shows that welfare participants’ access to employment varies dramatically depending on their residential location and commute mode. Many welfare participants live in job-rich neighborhoods and are able to reach numerous jobs without difficulty by either car or public transit. Others, however, live in job-poor neighborhoods where a reliance on public transit significantly reduces their access to employment. In these neighborhoods long and unreliable commutes on public transit often severely limit their ability to find and reliably travel to and from work. Therefore, given the distinctly uneven patterns of employment opportunities in metropolitan areas, policies to address the transportation needs of welfare participants should be targeted to reflect the characteristics of the neighborhoods in which welfare participants live.

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“…Regarding the impact of welfare reform on health insurance coverage, some studies have found negative impacts, others have found positive impacts and some have found no impact at all (Bitler et al, 2004;DeLeire et al, 2006;Handler et al, 2006). With respect to health care utilization, associated declines in health care utilization have been observed along with increased reports of needing care but finding it unaffordable, in the broader target population (Bitler and Hoynes, 2006;Danziger et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%