Work volume is an important variable in determining the degree of inhibitory control improvements following resistance exercise

Tomoo, Keigo; Suga, Tadashi; Sugimoto, Takeshi; Tanaka, Daichi; Shimoho, Kento; Dora, Kento; Mok, Ernest; Matsumoto, Shawn; Tsukamoto, Hayato; Takada, Shingo; Hashimoto, Takeshi; Isaka, Tadao

doi:10.14814/phy2.14527

Cited by 11 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Next, the subjects performed a warm-up exercise at 50 Watts for 5 min using a bicycle ergometer (Life Fitness; Schiller Park, IL, USA), similar to our previous studies [ 10 , 11 ]. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the end during the warm-up exercise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereafter, the subjects completed either ST-VLRE or VLRE. The CWST was performed again immediately after the completion of the exercise session and then repeated three times at 10-min intervals during the 30-min postexercise recovery period to evaluate the sustainable effects of post-exercise IC improvements [ 10 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subject's 1-RM was determined by the successful lift of the bilateral knee extension exercise on the familiarization visit day, as in our previous study [ 10 , 11 , 32 ]. The 1-RM value was used to determine the loads for the ST-VLRE and VLRE conditions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intervals between each trial were set at 1 s. The reaction time and response accuracy for each trial were collected and the mean values of the three trials of each CWST type were calculated for analysis. The IC was assessed using the reverse-Stroop interference score, which is defined as the difference between reaction times of the neutral and incongruent tasks [ 10 , 11 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 35 ]. The reverse-Stroop interference score is more appropriate for calculating the interference effect when measured by the manual response modality than the Stroop interference score, based on the findings from a previous study [ 36 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cognitive inhibitory control (IC) is defined as the suppression of behavior in response to either internal or external stimuli [ 5 ], which is necessary to prevent the implementation of an unrequired action [ 6 ]. An acute bout of certain resistance exercise protocols, in particular those with high-loads, improves post-exercise IC [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The degree to which cognitive function is improved by acute exercise may be associated with the improvement induced by long-term intervention, potentially through amelioration of the brain system (i.e., brain network connectivity) [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of very low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation on post-exercise inhibitory control

Dora

Suga

Tomoo

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Background The extremely low loads (e.g., <30% of one-repetition maximum) involved in performing resistance exercise are effective in preventing musculoskeletal injury and enhancing exercise adherence in various populations, especially older individuals and patients with chronic diseases. Nevertheless, long-term intervention using this type of protocol is known to have little effects on muscle size and strength adaptations. Despite this knowledge, very low-intensity resistance exercise (VLRE) with slow movement and tonic force generation (ST) significantly increases muscle size and strength. To further explore efficacy of ST-VLRE in the clinical setting, this study examined the effect of ST-VLRE on post-exercise inhibitory control (IC). Methods Twenty healthy, young males (age: 21 ± 0 years, body height: 173.4 ± 1.2 cm, body weight: 67.4 ± 2.2 kg) performed both ST-VLRE and normal VLRE in a crossover design. The load for both protocols was set at 30% of one-repetition maximum. Both protocols were programmed with bilateral knee extension for six sets with ten repetitions per set. The ST-VLRE and VLRE were performed with slow (3-sec concentric, 3-sec eccentric, and 1-sec isometric actions with no rest between each repetition) and normal contractile speeds (1-sec concentric and 1-sec eccentric actions and 1-sec rests between each repetition), respectively. IC was assessed using the color-word Stroop task at six time points: baseline, pre-exercise, immediate post-exercise, and every 10 min during the 30-min post-exercise recovery period. Results The reverse-Stroop interference score, a parameter of IC, significantly decreased immediately after both ST-VLRE and VLRE compared to that before each exercise (decreasing rate >32 and 25%, respectively, vs. baseline and/or pre-exercise for both protocols; all P s < 0.05). The improved IC following ST-VLRE, but not following VLRE, remained significant until the 20-min post-exercise recovery period (decreasing rate >48% vs. baseline and pre-exercise; both P s < 0.001). The degree of post-exercise IC improvements was significantly higher for ST-VLRE than for VLRE ( P = 0.010 for condition × time interaction effect). Conclusions These findings suggest that ST-VLRE can improve post-exercise IC effectively. Therefore, ST-VLRE may be an effective resistance exercise protocol for improving cognitive function.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of very low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation on post-exercise inhibitory control

Dora

Suga

Tomoo

et al. 2021

Heliyon

Self Cite

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Effects of resistance exercises on inhibitory control and plasma epinephrine levels: A registered report of a crossover randomized controlled trial

Lin,

Cheng,

Tsai

et al. 2023

Psychophysiology

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According to the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine (LC–NE) theory, activity of the LC, the major releaser of NE in the brain, regulates inhibitory control. As there is reciprocal communication between circulating epinephrine and the LC, plasma epinephrine is used as the index of LC–NE activity. The aim of this crossover randomized controlled trial is to expand on previous findings by investigating the effects of free‐weight, multiple‐joint, and structural barbell resistance exercises. Previous studies have had some methodological limitations, such as failure to report the process of randomization, absence of resistance exercise familiarization before the maximal strength testing, and lack of protocol publication. To address these issues, this study incorporates resistance exercise familiarization, transparent reporting of randomization, and submission as a registered report. The results suggest that a single session of resistance exercise (barbell squat, press, and deadlift) with an intensity of 65%–78% 1RM for five repetitions (70%–90% relative intensity) and three sets with 3‐min rest intervals improved Stroop congruent reaction time (RT) only (t(27) = −2.663, mean reduction = −15 ms, p = .013, 95% CI [−26, −3]). No significant enhancements were observed in Stroop incongruent RT, inhibitory control as indexed by Stroop effect, or inhibitory control as indexed by the RT difference between the Stroop task and the simple reaction task. Moreover, the alterations in plasma epinephrine levels did not significantly associate with changes in any measure of cognitive performance.

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The Effects of Tai Chi on the Executive Functions and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Adults with Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Zhang

Wang

Xie

et al. 2022

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Objective. The present study examined the effects of Tai Chi exercise on the executive functions (EFs) and physical fitness of middle-aged adults with depression. Methods. A total of 39 middle-aged adults with depression (Mage = 50.59, SD = 7.38) were randomly assigned to the Tai Chi group (n = 20) or the waiting-list control group (n = 19). The Tai Chi group engaged in two 90 min sessions of Tai Chi exercise per week for 12 weeks; the waiting-list control group was asked to maintain their usual daily routines for 12 weeks. Depression symptoms, EFs (i.e., inhibitory control, planning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility), and physical fitness (i.e., cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, power, and flexibility) were evaluated at the baseline (pretest), 6-week (mid-test), and 12-week (post-test) marks. Results. Both groups showed decreased depression symptoms over time. Compared with the control group, the Tai Chi group showed decreased reaction times for incongruent conditions in the Stroop test from pretest to mid- and post-test, and shorter reaction time for incongruent conditions in the Stroop test than the control group at post-test; the Tai Chi group performed significantly better than the control group in overall total move score of Tower of London (TOL). The Tai Chi group also showed increased total correct scores of TOL from pretest to mid- and post-test, and greater total correct scores of TOL than the control group at post-test. Additionally, results indicated that Tai Chi exercise comprehensively improved physical fitness from pretest to mid- and post-test. Greater performance in terms of cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and power was also found in the Tai Chi group at post-test than in the control group. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the 12-week Tai Chi exercise improved inhibitory control, planning and working memory aspects of executive functions, and physical fitness in middle-aged adults with depression.

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Work volume is an important variable in determining the degree of inhibitory control improvements following resistance exercise

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Effect of very low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation on post-exercise inhibitory control

Effect of very low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation on post-exercise inhibitory control

Effects of resistance exercises on inhibitory control and plasma epinephrine levels: A registered report of a crossover randomized controlled trial

The Effects of Tai Chi on the Executive Functions and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Adults with Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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