“…Despite this interactive and joint strategy of HSE management, the Norwegian regime has not yet brought outstanding results in the improvement of occupational health, environmental quality, and safety. Norway claims to have the best working environment worldwide; however, it still has amongst the highest rates of sick leave and is doing worse than Sweden when it comes to both fatal and serious work accidents (Karlsen, 2018;Karlsen et al, 2019). This is the paradoxical situation of the government-enforced self-regulation regime; in theory an ideal framework for HSE improvement, in practice mediocre results The IC-HSE regime relies on well-known and acknowledged theory about safety culture, safety climate and safety behaviour relating to the workplace as an arena for joint management-employee action.…”