Working for only financial reasons attenuates the health effects of working beyond retirement age: A 2‐year longitudinal study

Nemoto, Yuta; Takahashi, Tomoya; Nonaka, Kumiko; Hasebe, Masami; Kitahara, Takashi; Minami, Ushio; Murayama, Hiroshi; Matsunaga, Hiroko; Kobayashi, Erika; Fujiwara, Yoshinori

doi:10.1111/ggi.13941

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, other dimensions of employment, such as psychosocial factors (e.g., satisfaction, demand and responsibility), can affect mortality risk. Another factor that should be considered is the motivation to engage in work, as a study showed that older adults who worked only for financial benefits demonstrated a decline in self‐rated health and higher‐level functional capacity 38 . Moreover, the trajectory of occupation and the longest‐held occupation may be linked to occupational status in old age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another factor that should be considered is the motivation to engage in work, as a study showed that older adults who worked only for financial benefits demonstrated a decline in self-rated health and higher-level functional capacity. 38 Moreover, the trajectory of occupation and the longest-held occupation may be linked to occupational status in old age. A future review should focus on these aspects of late-life employment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Employment in old age and all‐cause mortality: A systematic review

Murayama

Takase

Watanabe

et al. 2022

Geriatrics Gerontology Int

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Social participation promotes and maintains the health of older adults. Working is a type of social participation; however, the effect of employment in old age on health outcomes has not been established. This study aimed to review the relationship between employment in old age (≥60 years) and all-cause mortality. For this systematic review, a computerized search was performed using PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO for prospective studies published through June 2020. The observational studies were extracted according to the study participants, indicators, follow-up period, statistical approach and main results. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Of the 37 832 records identified, 14 studies were included in the systematic review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight studies were derived from Asian countries (four from Japan, two from Taiwan and one from Thailand and South Korea), three were from the United States, two were from Israel and one was from Brazil. The baseline data of 13 studies were collected before 2000. Thirteen of the 14 studies reported any association between employment in later life and a lower risk of mortality. Four studies examined the sex-related differences in the effect of later-life employment on all-cause mortality, but the association was controversial. Overall, we revealed that working in old age would lower mortality risk. Although more findings based on recent data are required, this study indicates that working later in life is beneficial for promoting and maintaining health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employment in old age and all‐cause mortality: A systematic review

Murayama

Takase

Watanabe

et al. 2022

Geriatrics Gerontology Int

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“…We never insist that people should retire early, because employment can provide both health and financial benefits to older adults. For instance, longitudinal analyses of older Japanese suggested beneficial effects of employment on health (Okamoto et al, 2018); however, working for only financial reasons could attenuate such health effects (Nemoto et al, 2020). Nonetheless, raising the retirement age is considered to be inevitable in aging societies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retirement and Social Activities in Japan: Does Age Moderate the Association?

et al. 2021

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Although retirement age is increasing in aging societies, its impact on individuals and communities is unclear. This study examined how age moderates the linkage between transition into retirement and participation in productive and non-productive social activities after retirement, using a nationwide longitudinal survey with a probability sample of Japanese aged 60 and over ( n = 3,493). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to predict changes in volunteering and hobbies/learning during 3–5 years of follow-up and their participation level at the follow-up. The significant interactions between change in work status (remained working as reference, full/partial retirement, remained not-working) and age at baseline showed that fully retired persons were more likely to increase these activities than remained workers only when they retired by their early seventies. Thus it is important to encourage engagement in social activities before retirement and remove psychological and environmental barriers that hinder starting new activities at old age.

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“…Age and years of membership were used as continuous variables. A work motive for nancial reward is associated with reducing health bene ts through working in old age [24].…”

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The improvement effect of working through the Silver Human Resources Center on pre-frailty among older people: A two-year follow-up study

Morishita-Suzuki

Nakamura-Uehara

Ishibashi

2022

Preprint

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Background:Although the health benefits of working in old age are well known, no research has examined them among older people with pre-frailty. We examined the improvement effect of working through the Silver Human Resources Center (SHRC) on pre-frailty among older people in Japan. Methods:We carried out a two-year longitudinal survey from 2017 to 2019. Among 5,199 older people, the analysis included 531 participants who were judged to be of pre-frailty status at baseline and who completed both surveys. We utilized the records of participants’ work through the SHRC from 2017 to 2019. The evaluation of the frequency of working through the SHRC was categorized as “less-working” (i.e., less than a few times a month), “moderate-working” (i.e., one to two times a week), and “frequent-working” (i.e., more than three times a week). The transition of frailty status was classified as “improved” (from pre-frailty to robust) and “non-improved” (from pre-frailty to pre-frailty or frailty). Logistic regression was used to assess the influence of the frequency of working through the SHRC on the improvement of pre-frailty. The analysis model was adjusted for age, sex, working for financial reward, years of membership, community activities, and health status at baseline. Inverse-probability weighting was used to correct for survival bias in the follow-up period.Results: The improvement rate of pre-frailty during follow-up was 28.9% among the less-working, 40.2% in the moderate-working, and 36.9% in the frequent-working groups. The improvement rate in the less-working group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (φ = -2.4). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that individuals in the moderate-working group had significantly higher odds of pre-frailty improvement than those in the less-working group (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.90), and no significant differences were found between the frequent-working and less-working groupsConclusions:We found that the participants engaged in moderate working through the SHRC significantly increased their rate of pre-frailty improvement, while frequent working showed no significant association. Therefore, in the future it is important to provide moderate work to older people with pre-frailty according to their health status.

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Working for only financial reasons attenuates the health effects of working beyond retirement age: A 2‐year longitudinal study

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Employment in old age and all‐cause mortality: A systematic review

Employment in old age and all‐cause mortality: A systematic review

Retirement and Social Activities in Japan: Does Age Moderate the Association?

The improvement effect of working through the Silver Human Resources Center on pre-frailty among older people: A two-year follow-up study

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