Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span.

Gilinsky, Alberta S.; Judd, Ben B.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.356

Cited by 105 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…System 2 processing is more strongly linked than System 1 processing, to the child's age and measured intelligence. These findings are further complemented by evidence that System 2 function declines, relative to System 1, in old age [22].…”

Section: The Wason Selection Taskmentioning

confidence: 64%

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In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning

Evans

2003

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

1,698

1,097

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Section: The Wason Selection Taskmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Of particular importance are problems that bring belief and logic into conflict (see Box 1). The ability to resolve such conflict in favour of logic is known to be correlated with measures of general cognitive ability [21] and to decline sharply with age [22]. Recent experimental studies have enhanced our understanding of these effects [23,24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning

Evans

2003

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

1,698

1,097

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“…Mental models theory also suffers from the fact that belief bias effects have been obtained with valid problems and one-model problems (Gilinsky & Judd, 1994;Klauer et al, 2000;Oakhill et al, 1989). Oakhill et al (1989) addressed this issue by affixing an ad hoc conclusion-filtering mechanism to their version of the mental models framework.…”

Section: Theoretical Accounts Of Belief Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: It's a response bias effect.

Dubé¹,

Rotello²,

Heit³

2010

Psychological Review

112

215

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A belief bias effect in syllogistic reasoning (Evans, Barston, & Pollard, 1983) is observed when subjects accept more valid than invalid arguments and more believable than unbelievable conclusions and show greater overall accuracy in judging arguments with unbelievable conclusions. The effect is measured with a contrast of contrasts, comparing the acceptance rates for valid and invalid arguments with believable and unbelievable conclusions. We show that use of this measure entails the assumption of a threshold model, which predicts linear receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). In 3 experiments, subjects made "valid"/"invalid" responses to syllogisms, followed by confidence ratings that allowed the construction of empirical ROCs; ROCs were also constructed from a base-rate manipulation in one experiment. In all cases, the form of the empirical ROCs was curved and therefore inconsistent with the assumptions of Klauer, Musch, and Naumer's (2000) multinomial model of belief bias. We propose a more appropriate, signal detection-based model of belief bias. We then use that model to develop theoretically sound and empirically justified measures of decision accuracy and response bias; those measures demonstrate that the belief bias effect is simply a response bias effect. Thus, our data and analyses challenge existing theories of belief bias because those theories predict an accuracy effect that our data suggest is a Type I error. Our results also provide support for processing theories of deduction that assume responses are driven by a graded argument-strength variable, such as the probability heuristic model proposed by Chater and Oaksford (1999).

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“…The results are consistent with the possibility that MDMA-related deficits in aspects of executive functioning result in impaired reasoning performance among MDMA users. 3 Syllogistic reasoning performance in normal populations has been shown to rely on working memory and executive resources (Fisk & Sharp, 2002;Gilinsky and Judd, 1994). The purpose of the present paper was to establish whether MDMArelated deficits in these aspects of cognitive functioning (Curran & Travill, 1997;Morgan, McFie, Fleetwood & Robinson, 2002) might give rise to syllogistic reasoning deficits.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Syllogistic Reasoning Performance in MDMA (Ecstasy) Users.

Montgomery

Fisk

Newcombe

et al. 2005

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Abstract.Previous research has demonstrated working memory and executive deficits in recreational users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; "Ecstasy"). In turn, both of these constructs have been implicated in syllogistic reasoning performance. Twenty-two MDMA users (mean age 21.36) and 26 non-MDMA user controls (mean age 21.31) were tested on syllogisms of varying difficulty, and on measures of working memory and executive functioning. MDMA users were significantly impaired in aspects of syllogistic reasoning and the effect remained significant after controls for the use of other drugs. However, the MDMA-related variance was reduced to below statistical significance following control for group differences in working memory span. The results are consistent with the possibility that MDMA-related deficits in aspects of executive functioning result in impaired reasoning performance among MDMA users. 3 Syllogistic reasoning performance in normal populations has been shown to rely on working memory and executive resources (Fisk & Sharp, 2002;Gilinsky and Judd, 1994). The purpose of the present paper was to establish whether MDMArelated deficits in these aspects of cognitive functioning (Curran & Travill, 1997;Morgan, McFie, Fleetwood & Robinson, 2002) might give rise to syllogistic reasoning deficits. Since syllogistic reasoning is generally regarded as an indicator of the capacity for rational thought, MDMA-related deficits on this measure raise the possibility that extensive use of MDMA might be associated with impaired rational thinking.A key construct in cognitive psychology is Baddeley's (1986) model of working memory. The model consists of phonological and visuo spatial components and an executive system which co-ordinates these and is responsible for managing goal directed behaviour and reconciling processing conflicts. The working memory system is believed to underpin a wide range of key cognitive processes, for example, learning to read (Hitch, Towse, & Hutton, 2001) the development of arithmetic competence (Hitch et al, 2001;Trbovich & LeFevre, 2003), knowledge and skill acquisition (Head, Raz, Gunning-Dixon, Williamson, & Acker, 2002) and thinking and reasoning (Stanovich & West, 2000). Previous and current MDMA users have been found to exhibit impairments in working memory functioning. For example, Wareing, Fisk, Murphy & Montgomery (2004) found that MDMA users were impaired on the computation span measure. Computation span is an established indicator of working memory functioning loading on both the phonological and executive components (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991). observed that MDMA users were impaired specifically on the executive component of the task.MDMA related deficits have also been found in other aspects of executive 4 functioning, for example, the subtracting serial sevens task (Curran & Travill, 1997) and the Tower of London task (Fox, McLean, Turner, Parrott, Rogers, & Sahakian, 2002).An important area of cognitive functioning that has not been directly addressed with regard to MD...

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Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span.

Cited by 105 publications

References 32 publications

In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning

In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning

Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: It's a response bias effect.

Syllogistic Reasoning Performance in MDMA (Ecstasy) Users.

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