Working memory and sensory memory in subclinical high schizotypy: An avenue for understanding schizophrenia?

Abstract

The search for robust, reliable biomarkers of schizophrenia remains a high priority in psychiatry. Biomarkers are valuable because they can reveal the underlying mechanisms of symptoms and monitor treatment progress and may predict future risk of developing schizophrenia. Despite the existence of various promising biomarkers that relate to symptoms across the schizophrenia spectrum, and despite published recommendations encouraging multivariate metrics, they are rarely investigated simultaneously within the same individuals. In those with schizophrenia, the magnitude of purported biomarkers is complicated by comorbid diagnoses, medications and other treatments. Here, we argue three points. First, we reiterate the importance of assessing multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Second, we argue that investigating biomarkers in those with schizophrenia-related traits (schizotypy) in the general population can accelerate progress in understanding the mechanisms of schizophrenia. We focus on biomarkers of sensory and working memory in schizophrenia and their smaller effects in individuals with nonclinical schizotypy. Third, we note irregularities across research domains leading to the current situation in which there is a preponderance of data on auditory sensory memory and visual working memory, but markedly less in visual (iconic) memory and auditory working memory, particularly when focusing on schizotypy where data are either scarce or inconsistent. Together, this review highlights opportunities for researchers without access to clinical populations to address gaps in knowledge. We conclude by highlighting the theory that early sensory memory deficits contribute negatively to working memory and vice versa. This presents a mechanistic perspective where biomarkers may interact with one another and impact schizophrenia-related symptoms.

Finding normal-to-better neurocognitive indexes in individuals with schizotypal traits using a social role task

“…As could be expected, the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) evoked by the stimuli of the tasks used to study cognitive deficits of people with schizophrenia attributes (SzAs, i.e., schizophrenia patients and subclinical people with schizotypal traits) have consistently been found to be abnormal 23 , 24 . This is true for the amplitude (i.e., the voltage) of the occipital N1, a negative-going component peaking about 150 ms after the onset of the stimulus that indexes the amount of attentional resources allocated to the processing of the physical features of visual stimuli 25 .…”