Working memory and situation model updating

Radvansky, Gabriel A.; Copeland, David E.

doi:10.3758/bf03206375

Cited by 69 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Of most interest, for the anaphoric sentences, the effect of boundary condition was significant F (1, 39) = 4.73, MSE = 4,513, p = .04, η p 2 = .11, with participants reading more slowly when an event boundary separated the anaphor and its referent (see Table 2). This replicates prior work (Anderson et al, 1983;Claus & Kelter, 2006;Glenberg et al, 1987;Kelter et al, 2004;Radvansky & Copeland, 2001). Thus, the narrative event boundaries served to impede memory, causing the anaphor resolution to take longer for the stories that included a narrative event boundary compared to those that did not.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…To do this, we used reading times to assess the effectiveness of processing anaphors as a function of the influence of event boundaries. This general topic has been explored by other research (Anderson, Garrod, & Sanford, 1983;Claus & Kelter, 2006;Glenberg et al, 1987;Kelter, Kaup, & Claus, 2004;Radvansky & Copeland, 2001;Rinck & Bower, 1995). This work has found that when an event boundary is encountered in a text, people are slower and less accurate to resolve anaphors that refer to referents that were part of the prior event but not the current event.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Alternatively, if anaphor disruption is due to a more general removal of information from working memory, and is not critically dependent on the presence of narrative event boundaries, then the presence of a distractor task should have a similar influence. Experiment 1 assessed narrative event boundaries' influence on anaphoric reference, as has been reported previously (Anderson et al, 1983;Claus & Kelter, 2006;Glenberg et al, 1987;Kelter et al, 2004;Radvansky & Copeland, 2001). Participants read stories that contained an anaphor, in the form of repeated noun, which was preceded by the presence or absence of an event boundary between an anaphor and its referent.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Event boundaries and anaphoric reference

Thompson

Radvansky

2015

Psychon Bull Rev

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The current study explored the finding that parsing a narrative into separate events impairs anaphor resolution. According to the Event Horizon Model, when a narrative event boundary is encountered, a new event model is created. Information associated with the prior event model is removed from working memory. So long as the event model containing the anaphor referent is currently being processed, this information should still be available when there is no narrative event boundary, even if reading has been disrupted by a working-memory-clearing distractor task. In those cases, readers may reactivate their prior event model, and anaphor resolution would not be affected. Alternatively, comprehension may not be as event oriented as this account suggests. Instead, any disruption of the contents of working memory during comprehension, event related or not, may be sufficient to disrupt anaphor resolution. In this case, reading comprehension would be more strongly guided by other, more basic language processing mechanisms and the event structure of the described events would play a more minor role. In the current experiments, participants were given stories to read in which we included, between the anaphor and its referent, either the presence of a narrative event boundary (Experiment 1) or a narrative event boundary along with a workingmemory-clearing distractor task (Experiment 2). The results showed that anaphor resolution was affected by narrative event boundaries but not by a working-memory-clearing distractor task. This is interpreted as being consistent with the Event Horizon Model of event cognition.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Event boundaries and anaphoric reference

Thompson

Radvansky

2015

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…This has been supported by recent evidence (Schmiedek et al, in press). On the other hand, WMU and WMC may be dissociable dimensions of mental ability, as suggested, for instance, by the results of Radvansky and colleagues (Radvansky & Copeland, 2001;Radvansky & Dijkstra, 2007).…”

Section: Wm Updating and Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 82%

The components of working memory updating: An experimental decomposition and individual differences.

Ecker

Lewandowsky

Oberauer³

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

215

237

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Working memory updating (WMU) has been identified as a cognitive function of prime importance for everyday tasks and has also been found to be a significant predictor of higher mental abilities. Yet, little is known about the constituent processes of WMU. We suggest that operations required in a typical WMU task can be decomposed into 3 major component processes: retrieval, transformation, and substitution. We report a large-scale experiment that instantiated all possible combinations of those 3 component processes. Results show that the 3 components make independent contributions to updating performance. We additionally present structural equation models that link WMU task performance and working memory capacity (WMC) measures. These feature the methodological advancement of estimating interindividual covariation and experimental effects on mean updating measures simultaneously. The modeling results imply that WMC is a strong predictor of WMU skills in general, although some component processes-in particular, substitution skills-were independent of WMC. Hence, the reported predictive power ofWMUmeasures may rely largely on common WM functions also measured in typical WMC tasks, although substitution skills may make an independent contribution to predicting higher mental abilities.

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“…We predict a genotype by ISI interaction effect; specifically individuals with the Met allele should show greater behavioral advantages, and more robust differences in brain activation response, as ISI increases. Several other paradigms may be even better suited to differentiate maintenance from updating functions in working memory, and these might offer promising candidates for defining COMT-relevant phenotypes (Halgren et al, 2002;Kusak et al, 2000;Radvansky, 2001). Similarly, tasks examining the ability to maintain a consistent behavioral program in the face of distraction could help dissect the contributions of reciprocal controls over cognitive stability and plasticity (Fan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Human Behavioral and Functional Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Polymorphism: Relations to the Tonic–Phasic Dopamine Hypothesis and Neuropsychiatric Phenotypes

Bilder

Volavka

Lachman

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

717

654

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Diverse phenotypic associations with the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158 Met polymorphism have been reported. We suggest that some of the complex effects of this polymorphism be understood from the perspective of the tonic-phasic dopamine (DA) hypothesis. We hypothesize that the COMT Met allele (associated with low enzyme activity) results in increased levels of tonic DA and reciprocal reductions in phasic DA in subcortical regions and increased D1 transmission cortically. This pattern of effects is hypothesized to yield increased stability but decreased flexibility of neural network activation states that underlie important aspects of working memory and executive functions; these effects may be beneficial or detrimental depending on the phenotype, a range of endogenous factors, and environmental exigencies. The literature on phenotypic associations of the COMT Val 158 Met polymorphism is reviewed, highlighting areas where this hypothesis may have explanatory value, and pointing to possible directions for refinement of relevant phenotypes and experimental evaluation of this hypothesis.

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Working memory and situation model updating

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

Event boundaries and anaphoric reference

Event boundaries and anaphoric reference

The components of working memory updating: An experimental decomposition and individual differences.

The Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Polymorphism: Relations to the Tonic–Phasic Dopamine Hypothesis and Neuropsychiatric Phenotypes

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