Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function

Jeneson, Annette; Squire, Larry R.

doi:10.1101/lm.024018.111

Cited by 315 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(178 reference statements)

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“…Given the large number of brain regions active in these tasks, it is difficult to know the role of any particular region. In addition, it is difficult to rule out the idea that hippocampal activity in many tasks reflects the encoding of information into long-term memory (11,29,30). The present findings suggest that neither the hippocampus nor the parahippocampal gyrus (patient GP) is essential for the aspects of spatial cognition studied here.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…In particular, the idea that the construction and visualization of scenes involves the hippocampus seems at odds with the historic distinction between short-term (working) memory and long-term memory and the related idea that short-term memory is independent of the hippocampus (10)(11)(12). According to this perspective, hippocampal damage should not impair performance on spatial tasks, so long as testing puts no burden on long-term memory.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Memory, scene construction, and the human hippocampus

Kim

Dede

Hopkins

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We evaluated two different perspectives about the function of the human hippocampus-one that emphasizes the importance of memory and another that emphasizes the importance of spatial processing and scene construction. We gave tests of boundary extension, scene construction, and memory to patients with lesions limited to the hippocampus or large lesions of the medial temporal lobe. The patients were intact on all of the spatial tasks and impaired on all of the memory tasks. We discuss earlier studies that associated performance on these spatial tasks to hippocampal function. Our results demonstrate the importance of medial temporal lobe structures for memory and raise doubts about the idea that these structures have a prominent role in spatial cognition.T wo traditions of work have influenced discussion about the function of the hippocampus (1). One tradition is based on work with memory-impaired patients and the idea that the hippocampus is important for a particular kind of memory (2, 3). The other tradition is based on work with rodents and the idea that the hippocampus is critical for spatial mapping (4). Its possible role in spatial processing has been recently explored in humans as well (5), and it has been proposed that the human hippocampus is essential for the ability to construct spatially coherent scenes (6, 7).This view of hippocampal function has depended on evidence from two kinds of tasks: boundary extension and scene construction (6,8). Boundary extension refers to the tendency to reconstruct a scene such that it has a larger background than was actually presented (9). In the Mullally et al. (8) study, memoryimpaired patients exhibited boundary extension less strongly than controls. Scene construction refers to the ability to imagine and describe spatially coherent scenes. In two studies, memoryimpaired patients made few references to space when visualizing and describing imagined scenes (6,8).It is unclear how to reconcile such findings with the view that the hippocampus chiefly supports memory functions. In particular, the idea that the construction and visualization of scenes involves the hippocampus seems at odds with the historic distinction between short-term (working) memory and long-term memory and the related idea that short-term memory is independent of the hippocampus (10-12). According to this perspective, hippocampal damage should not impair performance on spatial tasks, so long as testing puts no burden on long-term memory. In an attempt to clarify these issues, we gave tests of boundary extension, scene construction, and memory to patients with well-characterized lesions limited to the hippocampus or large lesions of the medial temporal lobe.Results Experiment 1. Both controls and hippocampal patients exhibited boundary extension. That is, both groups drew the central objects such that they occupied less area than in the original photographs ( Fig. 1 controls = 61.9% of the original area, hippocampal patients = 62.5% of the original area, P < 0.01). The extent of reduction was simil...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory, scene construction, and the human hippocampus

Kim

Dede

Hopkins

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The possibility that working-memory processing leads to long-term memory formation is shown by arrow 3 between the "representation" and "consolidation" ellipses in Figure 1. At the same time, it must be noted that patients with MTL lesions can perform well on tests of working-memory maintenance, even when the task situation requires binding of items with locations (Allen et al 2014), but they show impairment if the material to be learned exceeds working-memory capacity (Jeneson and Squire 2012). These data highlight the dynamic relation between working memory and long-term memory.…”

Section: How Is Information In Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 94%

Working Memory: Maintenance, Updating, and the Realization of Intentions

Nyberg

Eriksson

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

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Correspondence: lars.nyberg@umu.se "Working memory" refers to a vast set of mnemonic processes and associated brain networks, relates to basic intellectual abilities, and underlies many real-world functions. Workingmemory maintenance involves frontoparietal regions and distributed representational areas, and can be based on persistent activity in reentrant loops, synchronous oscillations, or changes in synaptic strength. Manipulation of content of working memory depends on the dorsofrontal cortex, and updating is realized by a frontostriatal '"gating" function. Goals and intentions are represented as cognitive and motivational contexts in the rostrofrontal cortex. Different working-memory networks are linked via associative reinforcement-learning mechanisms into a self-organizing system. Normal capacity variation, as well as workingmemory deficits, can largely be accounted for by the effectiveness and integrity of the basal ganglia and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

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“…Declarative memory is critically dependent on MTL structures, including the hippocampus (Squire et al 2004). Declarative memory typically stores information that is remembered longer than 15-30 seconds without continual rehearsal (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1971), although the MTL can be engaged over short delays (see Jeneson and Squire 2012). Accordingly, recalling security training information, even very recent training, requires use of declarative memory (Friedman and Goldman-Rakic 1988) and will result in neural activation changes in the MTL.…”

Section: Experimental Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

More Harm Than Good? How Messages That Interrupt Can Make Us Vulnerable

Jenkins

Anderson

Vance

et al. 2016

Information Systems Research

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S ystem-generated alerts are ubiquitous in personal computing and, with the proliferation of mobile devices, daily activity. While these interruptions provide timely information, research shows they come at a high cost in terms of increased stress and decreased productivity. This is due to dual-task interference (DTI), a cognitive limitation in which even simple tasks cannot be simultaneously performed without significant performance loss. Although previous research has examined how DTI impacts the performance of a primary task (the task that was interrupted), no research has examined the effect of DTI on the interrupting task. This is an important gap because in many contexts, failing to heed an alert-the interruption itself-can introduce critical vulnerabilities.Using security messages as our context, we address this gap by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore how (1) DTI occurs in the brain in response to interruptive alerts, (2) DTI influences message security disregard, and (3) the effects of DTI can be mitigated by finessing the timing of the interruption. We show that neural activation is substantially reduced under a condition of high DTI, and the degree of reduction in turn significantly predicts security message disregard. Interestingly, we show that when a message immediately follows a primary task, neural activity in the medial temporal lobe is comparable to when attending to the message is the only task.Further, we apply these findings in an online behavioral experiment in the context of a web-browser warning. We demonstrate a practical way to mitigate the DTI effect by presenting the warning at low-DTI times, and show how mouse cursor tracking and psychometric measures can be used to validate low-DTI times in other contexts.Our findings suggest that although alerts are pervasive in personal computing, they should be bounded in their presentation. The timing of interruptions strongly influences the occurrence of DTI in the brain, which in turn substantially impacts alert disregard. This paper provides a theoretically grounded, cost-effective approach to reduce the effects of DTI for a wide variety of interruptive messages that are important but do not require immediate attention.

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Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function

Cited by 315 publications

References 105 publications

Memory, scene construction, and the human hippocampus

Memory, scene construction, and the human hippocampus

Working Memory: Maintenance, Updating, and the Realization of Intentions

More Harm Than Good? How Messages That Interrupt Can Make Us Vulnerable

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