Working towards an end to FGM

Morgan, Jules

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60471-8

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…during the procedure, on the wedding night, and during childbirth. These findings confirm other research findings for example Abdalla [ 55 ]; Malmstrom [ 56 ]; Fisaha [ 57 ]; and Morgan [ 58 ] in that, women were not allowed to express their suffering verbally during the procedure and in the social interaction of their everyday lives. Suffering and pain were understood as ‘ normal ’ and as expected parts of a woman’s life.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Changing attitudes towards female genital mutilation. From conflicts of loyalty to reconciliation with self and the community: The role of emotion regulation

Agboli¹,

Richard²,

Botbol-Baum³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is a social norm embedded in the patriarchal system and is resistant to change due to its roots in the tradition of the practising communities. Despite this difficulty in change, some women succeed in changing their attitudes towards the practice. In trying to understand what makes these women change their attitudes, we identified in a previous study, the critical life events at which change occurs (turning point). These turning points were described with emotions and conflicting feelings based on which we hypothesised that emotion regulation and the resolution of conflicts of loyalty might be possible mechanisms that explain the change of attitudes by the women. In this article, we sought to investigate how the mechanisms interact and how they were at play to explain the change. We, therefore, triangulated our previous data, fifteen women interviewed twice, with the published life stories and public testimonies of 10 women with FGM, and interviews of six experts chosen for their complementary fields of expertise to discuss the emerging concepts and theory, generated by our study. The data were analysed using framework analysis and an element of the grounded theory approach (constant comparison). As a result of our theorisation process, we propose a model of change in five stages (Emotion suppression, The awakening, The clash, Re-appropriation of self, and Reconciliation). This describes the process of a woman’s journey from compliance with FGM and community norms to non-compliance. Our study reveals how the women whose stories were analysed, moved from being full members of their community at the cost of suppressing their emotions and denying their selves, to becoming their whole selves while symbolically remaining members of their communities through the forgiveness of their mothers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Changing attitudes towards female genital mutilation. From conflicts of loyalty to reconciliation with self and the community: The role of emotion regulation

Agboli¹,

Richard²,

Botbol-Baum³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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“…We make use of the timelier reporting of FGM occurrence in DHS and MICS surveys, by fully incorporating proxy reporting by women aged 15-49 about their daughters aged 0-14 years, via the FGM daughters' questionnaire module. While individual DHS and MICS surveys have indicated a decline in FGM prevalence [5,[22][23][24][25][26], to date there has been no standardized, multi-country estimate of the overall decline over the last few decades, illustrating the timing of the onset, and comparing the pace of decline between different countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the elimination of FGM by 2030: A statistical assessment

et al. 2020

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In 2015, UN member states committed to eliminate female genital mutilation (FGM) by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Agenda. To reach this goal, interventions need to be targeted and guided by the best available evidence. To date, however, estimates of the number of girls and women affected by FGM and their trends over time and geographic space have been limited by the availability, specificity and quality of population-level data. We present new estimates based on all publicly available nationally representative surveys collected since the 1990s that contain both information on FGM status and on the age at which FGM occurred. Using survival analysis, we generate estimates of FGM risk by single year of age for all countries with available data, and for rural and urban areas separately. The likelihood of experiencing FGM has decreased at the global level, but progress has been starkly uneven between countries. The available data indicate no progress in reducing FGM risk in Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Guinea. In addition, rural and urban areas have diverged over the last two decades, with FGM declining more rapidly in urban areas. We describe limitations in the availability and quality of data on FGM occurrence and ageat-FGM. Based on current trends, the SDG goal of eliminating FGM by 2030 is out of reach, and the pace at which the practice is being abandoned would need to accelerate to eliminate FGM by 2030. The heterogeneity in trends between countries and rural vs urban areas offers an opportunity to contrast countries where FGM is in rapid decline and explore potential policy lessons and programmatic implications for countries where the practice of FGM appears to remain entrenched.

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“…We attribute all FGM beyond that age to the age group 15–19. This methodology is appropriate because girls are married before the age of 20 and mutilation precedes marriage in the countries being analysed 40 , 41 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating excess mortality due to female genital mutilation

Ghosh

Flowe

Rockey

2023

Sci Rep

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Globally, over 200 million women and girls have been subjected to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). This practice, illegal in most countries, often happens in unsanitary conditions and without clinical supervision with consequent bleeding and infection. However, little is known about its contribution to the global epidemiology of child mortality. We matched data on the proportion of girls of a given age group subject to FGM to age-gender-year specific mortality rates during 1990–2020 in 15 countries where FGM is practised. We used fixed-effects regressions to separate the effect of FGM on mortality-rates from variation in mortality in that country in that year. Using our estimated effect, we calculated total annual excess mortality due to FGM. Our estimates imply that a 50% increase in the number of girls subject to FGM increases their 5-year mortality rate by 0.075 percentage point (95% CI $$0\cdot 065$$ 0 · 065 –$$0\cdot 085$$ 0 · 085 ). This increased mortality rate translates into an estimated 44,320 excess deaths per year across countries where FGM is practised. These estimates imply that FGM is a leading cause of the death of girls and young women in those countries where it is practised accounting for more deaths than any cause other than Enteric Infections, Respiratory Infections, or Malaria.

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Working towards an end to FGM

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Changing attitudes towards female genital mutilation. From conflicts of loyalty to reconciliation with self and the community: The role of emotion regulation

Changing attitudes towards female genital mutilation. From conflicts of loyalty to reconciliation with self and the community: The role of emotion regulation

Towards the elimination of FGM by 2030: A statistical assessment

Estimating excess mortality due to female genital mutilation

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