Working with the stress of errors: Error management strategies as coping.

King, Brandon S.; Beehr, Terry A.

doi:10.1037/str0000022

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, error management theory is only concerned with leveraging errors for improved future performance, and only recently (King and Beehr, 2017), researchers have begun focusing on the complex impact that making a mistake can have on the employee's well-being. King and Beehr (2017) used the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) to explain how errors may lead employees to experience emotional strain, depending on how those errors are appraised. This theory consists of two stages of appraisal: primary appraisal is focused on the degree of harm or threat in the situation, and secondary appraisal is focused on the person's perceived ability to cope with the situation that has been deemed threatening or harmful in the first stage.…”

Section: Acute/episodic Underperformance As a Stressormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, there is likely an interaction between the two underperformance types (see Figure 2C). It is thought that employees who are generally high performers are more likely than underperformers to be able to leverage an error as a learning opportunity and not experience subsequent error strain (King and Beehr, 2017). Therefore, the consequences or outcomes for acute/episodic underperformance are likely more severe when the employee is chronically an underperformer.…”

Section: The Interplay Between Chronic and Acute/ Episodic Underperfomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failing Is Derailing: The Underperformance as a Stressor Model

Pindek

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Job performance and job stress are widely studied phenomena in occupational research. However, most literatures on the relationship between work stress and job performance conceptualize job stress as an antecedent of performance, in line with the stressperformance framework, and do not examine what happens to the well-being of the employees after the performance was appraised as poor. In the current theoretical paper, I argue that task underperformance is a source of stress (i.e., stressor) for the employee and, as such, can affect a wide range of employee outcomes. Task underperformance is conceptualized as comprised of two main types: acute/episodic underperformance, such as a mistake or an accident (e.g., medical error and service failure), and chronic task underperformance, such as not achieving the expected work products over time, with an interplay between these types. The source of the appraisal (objective, supervisor-rated, and self-rated underperformance) is also considered. Several disjoint literatures are then integrated in order to explain how underperformance is expected to result in subsequent decrements to employee well-being. At the chronic underperformance level, the following literatures are included: self-efficacy, negative effects of performance feedback, and stress experienced when the basic need for competency is frustrated or when underperformance presents a threat to the self-image. At the acute/episodic level, affective and cognitive outcomes are explored, and examples are drawn from several industries including service failures and medical errors. The interplay between the two types of underperformance, acute/episodic and chronic, is discussed, and then relevant moderators are offered. One notable moderator is the occupation-level consequences of error, which likely affects most if not all outcomes. Finally, the discussion includes potential theoretical and practical implications for this conceptualization, as well as some methodological considerations for future research in this area.

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Section: Acute/episodic Underperformance As a Stressormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Interplay Between Chronic and Acute/ Episodic Underperfomentioning

confidence: 99%

Failing Is Derailing: The Underperformance as a Stressor Model

Pindek

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…Salient to the development of mental health symptoms in athletes is the concept of psychological strain, characterised by a combination of perceived stress and difficulty coping. Psychological strain can be characterised on a continuum of emotional exhaustion and reaction to stressful experiences (Boswell, Olson-Buchanan, & LePine, 2004), and is likely to occur in situations where an individual believes they do not have sufficient resources to cope (King & Beehr, 2017). Where coping resources are extended beyond an athlete's capacity, stress-related symptoms of psychological strain may emerge (Raedeke & Smith, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary psychometric validation of a brief screening tool for athlete mental health among male elite athletes: the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire

Rice

Parker

Mawren

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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There is growing interest in the area of elite athlete mental health, however brief, valid and reliable screening instruments designed to identify early indictors of athlete-specific distress and potential mental health symptoms are lacking. This study sought to develop a brief screening instrument for athlete populationsthe Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ)and examine convergent, divergent and construct validity. A twostage psychometric validation study was undertaken. Self-report data was collected from 1,007 currently competing Australian elite male athletes (M = 23.67, SD = 4.16). The sample was randomly partitioned into calibration (n = 497) and validation (n = 510) samples. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and tests of differential item functioning were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis, with parallel analysis, conducted on the calibration sample supported a three-factor solution, with subscales assessing Self-Regulation, Performance and External Coping accounting for 50.44% of total scale variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this three-factor model, yielding excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.976, TLI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.055, SRMR = 0.032), with the Bayesian Information Criterion supporting the superordinate structure. Differential item functioning analysis indicated item-equivalence relative to athletes' level of education and ethnicity. As predicted, a multivariate effect indicated higher APSQ scores for currently injured athletes (p = .040) with a univariate effect on the Performance subscale. The APSQ may help identify early symptoms of athlete psychological strain facilitating timely management. Replication and validation studies in broader samples, including female athletes and comparison with other athlete-specific, coping and stress measures are needed.

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“…There are many theories on physical processes and external types of stressors. These may be categorized in two ways: "systemic" stress these are based on psychobiology, and physiology [11] and mental stress developed within the field of cognitive psychology [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Theories On Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Workplace error management has also been a focus of various studies. Applying the transactional theory of stress frame work King and Beehr has examined the connection of error management strategies to employees' well-being and showed that positive error management (PEM) did not appear to reduce strains, but negative error management (NEM) increased them and difference in the approach between the individual and organization can affect employees' interpretations and management of errors [5]. ICT-based communication is known to be a source of stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Stress in Communication Management: How It Limits the Effectiveness at Personal and Organizational Level

Kaiser¹

2018

Digital Communication Management

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The fundamental challenge for refining theories of stress in communication management is to understand the assumption that stress produces anxiety. Important areas of study in this area include the experience and meaning of stress, the role of appraisal and emotion in anxiety management, and the range of behavioural and psychological responses to stress and anxiety. Applying stress management theories to communication management work practices shows the rise of a culture of stress leading to anxiety and depression. Argument against this point is constant health surveillance, combined with improved methods for screening and monitoring, which virtually guarantees finding something wrong with every individual. Good employment practice includes assessing the risk of stress among employees and involves looking for pressures at work which could cause high and long lasting levels of stress. Deciding who might be harmed by these factors and whether organizations are doing enough to prevent that harm is very important. Therefore it is almost mandatory for every organization to understand and manage these behavioural issues to remain organized. It is not just for the wellbeing of the employees but the organization as a whole.

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Working with the stress of errors: Error management strategies as coping.

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Failing Is Derailing: The Underperformance as a Stressor Model

Failing Is Derailing: The Underperformance as a Stressor Model

Preliminary psychometric validation of a brief screening tool for athlete mental health among male elite athletes: the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire

Understanding Stress in Communication Management: How It Limits the Effectiveness at Personal and Organizational Level

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