Workload Measurement Practice in Australian Hospital Pharmacy Departments

Ng, Kingsley; Goh, Sue; Koller, Lorraine J

doi:10.1002/jppr1997274307

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…5,6 Subsequent studies demonstrated more detailed workload reporting, although the surveys indicated that the nature of documentation of clinical pharmacy services was not uniform. [7][8][9] One national survey of documentation practices showed that no pharmacy service reported on the time spent providing clinical pharmacy services to individual patient episodes. 9 Recording the time needed to provide clinical pharmacy services at the individual patient level would allow the effect of patient complexity on the clinical pharmacy workload to be determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Clinical Pharmacy Workload by Patient Disease Classification in Medical and Surgical Patients

Stuchbery

Kong

DeSantis

et al. 2008

Pharmacy Practice and Res

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Aim:To determine the time needed to provide clinical pharmacy services to individual patient episodes for medical and surgical patients and the effect of patient presentation and complexity on the clinical pharmacy workload. Method: During a 5-month period in 2006 at two general hospitals, pharmacists recorded a defined range of activities that they provided for patients, including the actual times required for these tasks. A customised database linked to the two hospitals' patient administration systems stored the data according to the specific patient episode number. The influence of patient presentation and complexity on the clinical pharmacy activities provided was also examined. Results: The average time required by pharmacists to undertake a medication history interview and medication reconciliation was 9.6 (SD 4.9) minutes. Interventions required 5.7 (SD 4.6) minutes, clinical review of the medical record 5.5 (SD 4.0) minutes and medication order review 3.5 (SD 2.0) minutes. For all of these activities, the time required for medical patients was greater than for surgical patients and greater for 'complicated' patients. The average time required to perform all clinical pharmacy activities for 1071 completed patient episodes was 14.4 (SD 10.9) minutes and was greater for medical and 'complicated' patients. Conclusion:The time needed to provide clinical pharmacy services was affected by whether the patients were medical or surgical. The existence of comorbidities or complications affected these times. The times required to perform clinical pharmacy activities may not be consistent with recently proposed staff ratios for the provision of a basic clinical pharmacy service.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Clinical Pharmacy Workload by Patient Disease Classification in Medical and Surgical Patients

Stuchbery

Kong

DeSantis

et al. 2008

Pharmacy Practice and Res

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“…41 In previous study, workload documentation analysis did not yield positive results and some of the participants considered it as not necessary and may lead to deprived pharmacist's time for patient care. 42 In this study, we obtained 50% as the average percentage of workload analysis. Compared to the other clinical activities, the number of prescriptions was the most documented clinical activity in the monthly workload analysis in all patient groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This might be because the number of prescriptions and dispensing were the most comfortable and most accurate clinical activity to be measured especially with the use of a computerized dispensing system. 42 The documentation of clinical pharmacy services workload is meager especially with respect to two essential points: clinical outcomes and cost avoidance. Without documentation, we cannot attain the required information needed for determining the clinical outcomes and cost avoidance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Workload Documentation

Alomi¹,

Al-Doughan²,

Al-Jarallah³

et al. 2020

PTB Reports

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Objectives: To explore the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during [2017][2018]. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey and the International Standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on workload analysis and documentation. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 31 hospitals and the total number of the patients who were followed up through clinical pharmacy services was 27.88 daily, 836.29 monthly, with 10.82 patients daily per hospital. The total number of prescriptions reviewed by the clinical pharmacist was 184.86 daily, 1294.05 monthly, with (68.77) patients daily per each hospital. Most of the documented clinical pharmacy services existed for medication errors (80.65%), adverse drug reactions (77.42%) and drug quality reporting (70.97%). Most of the documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical pharmacy services existed for drug information inquiries (61.29%), medication errors (58.06%) and adverse drug reactions (58.06%). Most of the monthly workload analysis of clinical activities existed for the number of prescriptions (80.65%), number of medication errors (70.97%) and for adverse drug reactions (67.74%). Conclusion:The documentation of workload of clinical pharmacy services is inadequate especially with respect to the clinical outcome and cost avoidance impact. Most of the clinical pharmacy activities were ordinary performances provided to few numbrer of patients. Improve the documentation of workload activities is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

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“…These reports, however, provided no further analysis of how different patient presentations affected these resource needs. Although later workload reporting included more detail, surveys of clinical pharmacy workload documentation indicated that this was not performed uniformly [7–9] . One of these reports found no pharmacy service able to quantify the time spent providing clinical pharmacy services to individual patients [9] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although later workload reporting included more detail, surveys of clinical pharmacy workload documentation indicated that this was not performed uniformly. [7][8][9] One of these reports found no pharmacy service able to quantify the time spent providing clinical pharmacy services to individual patients. [9] One benefit of being able to record the time required to provide clinical pharmacy services at the individual patient level would be the ability to determine how different levels of disease acuity affected pharmacists' workload.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical pharmacy workload in medical and surgical patients: effect of patient partition, disease complexity and Major Disease Category

Stuchbery

Kong

DeSantis

et al. 2010

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice

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Objectives The aim of this study was to measure the time spent providing clinical pharmacy services to individual patient episodes for general medical and surgical patients and to measure the effect of patient presentation and complexity on this workload. Methods We conducted a 5‐month study at The Northern Hospital and Western Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, during 2006. Pharmacists recorded a defined range of activities that they provided for individual patients, including the actual times required for these tasks. A customised database, linked to the two hospitals' patient administration systems, stored these data according to the specific patient episode number. We then examined the influence of patient presentation and complexity on clinical pharmacy activities provided. Key findings During intervals when pharmacists recorded the time required to conduct activities, the average time required to perform the medication history and reconciliation exercise on 3052 occasions was 9.6 ± 4.5 min. The 1844 interventions required an average of 5.9 ± 3.0 min, clinical review of the patient's medical record required 5.5 ± 2.7 min and medication order review required 3.5 ± 1.3 min. For all of these activities, the time required was greater for medical patients than for surgical patients and greater for patients whose Diagnosis Related Group classification included a complication or co‐morbidity. The average time required to perform all clinical pharmacy activities for 4625 completed patient episodes was 22.4 ± 16.7 min and was again greater for medical patients and for patients with a complication or co‐morbidity. Conclusions The times required to perform a range of clinical pharmacy activities for individual patients was affected by whether the patients were medical or surgical patients. Furthermore, the existence of co‐morbidities or complications affected these times. The methodology has potential application for other patient presentations and in other practice settings.

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Workload Measurement Practice in Australian Hospital Pharmacy Departments

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Determining Clinical Pharmacy Workload by Patient Disease Classification in Medical and Surgical Patients

Determining Clinical Pharmacy Workload by Patient Disease Classification in Medical and Surgical Patients

National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Workload Documentation

Clinical pharmacy workload in medical and surgical patients: effect of patient partition, disease complexity and Major Disease Category

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