Workplace discrimination predicting racial/ethnic socialization across African American, Latino, and Chinese families.

Abstract

Informed by Kohn and Schooler's (1969) occupational socialization framework, this study examined linkages between racial/ethnic minority mothers' perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination in the workplace and adolescents' accounts of racial/ethnic socialization in the home. Data were collected from 100 mother-early adolescent dyads who participated in a longitudinal study of urban adolescents' development in the Northeastern United States, including African American, Latino, and Chinese families. Mothers and adolescents completed surveys separately. We found that when mothers reported more frequent institutional discrimination at work, adolescents reported more frequent preparation for bias messages at home, across racial/ethnic groups. Mothers' experiences of interpersonal prejudice at work were associated with more frequent cultural socialization messages among African American and Latino families. Chinese youth reported fewer cultural socialization messages when mothers perceived more frequent interpersonal prejudice at work. Findings are discussed in the context of minority groups' distinct social histories and economic status in the United States.

The Intersectionality of African American Mothers in Counselor Education: A Phenomenological Examination

“…Research has indicated that African American mothers' workplace experiences are significantly different from those of other racial groups (Buzzanell, Waymer, Paz Tagle, & Liu, ; Hagelskamp & Hughes, ; Landivar, ). African American mothers do not scale back when they have children but often work additional hours because of single parenthood or lower family income (Buzzanell et al, ).…”

“…Paz Tagle, & Liu, 2007;Hagelskamp & Hughes, 2014;Landivar, 2013). African American mothers do not scale back when they have children but often work additional hours because of single parenthood or lower family income (Buzzanell et al, 2007).…”

Bias against Latina and African American women job applicants: a field experiment

“…Still other authors have observed null effects. Hagelskamp and Hughes (2014) collected data from working mothers and did not find any differences in racism experienced at work, while Barron et al (2011) observed that people responded similarly to Irish, Hispanic and African American job applicants who seemingly expressed a strong ethnic identity. These ostensibly equivocal results suggest there is need for additional inquiry, and that perhaps other factors, such as those described in the subsequent sections, influence the relationship between racial group membership and discrimination.…”

“…As previously noted, recent work on race and race relations points to the need for considering the potentially varying experiences and expectations of different racial minority groups (Richeson and Sommers, 2016). While the limited experimental work in this area offers equivocal results (Barron et al, 2011;Fox and Stallworth, 2005;Hagelskamp and Hughes, 2014), nationally representative data from the Pew Research Center and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics suggest Latinas, relative to African American women, are more likely to experience discrimination and to earn less (Hispanics, 2010). As such, we predicted that:…”

Self-perceived Workplace Discrimination and Mental Health Among Immigrant Workers in Italy: a Cross-sectional Study

“…In the work environment, discrimination usually occurs when the actions of an employer, supervisor, or co-worker deny individuals or groups of people the equality of treatment they may wish [14]. The workplace provides opportunities for stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination [15], in particular if it is systemic race-based discrimination [16].…”