Workplace Emission Factors for Hexavalent Chromium Plating

Conroy, Lorraine M.; Wadden, Richard A.; Scheff, Peter A.; Franke, John E.; Keil, Chris

doi:10.1080/1047322x.1995.10387655

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…G D C room;avg Q exh C sup;avg Q sup C inf;avg Q inf [6] RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table I presents the TWA concentrations measured at the center of the room each sampling day as well as the range and average concentration of all the area measurements that day. These results demonstrate that the concentrations in the room were reasonably uniform.…”

Section: Emission Rate Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Formaldehyde Emission Rates in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Keil

Akbar-Khanzadeh²,

Konecny³

2001

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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The evaporation of formaldehyde from cadavers in gross anatomy laboratories can produce high exposures among students and instructors. To understand the system that produces exposures and to plan for implementing control options, the generation of formaldehyde vapors must be characterized. A gross anatomy laboratory with 47 dissecting tables was studied during 15 lab sessions over a period of 16 weeks. Area concentrations were measured using National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 3500. Average daily area concentrations in the laboratory ranged from 0.635 to 1.82 mg/m3. The ventilation was characterized on three separate days. The laboratory had a general ventilation rate of 9.8 air changes per hour. There was no local exhaust ventilation. The concentration measurements were used in a mass balance model along with ventilation rates to determine formaldehyde emission rates. The daily average formaldehyde emission rate from all sources in the laboratory ranged from 95.2-274 mg/min, with an average of 148 mg/min over the course of the study. This total emission rate was used along with the number of dissecting tables to develop an emission factor of 3.15 mg/min per table. The emission factor is a generalizable tool that can be used in laboratories of various sizes to predict emission rates and develop control strategies. This emission factor is applicable where the cadavers are prepared with similar embalming fluid consisting of approximately 10 percent formaldehyde.

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Section: Emission Rate Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Formaldehyde Emission Rates in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Keil

Akbar-Khanzadeh²,

Konecny³

2001

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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“…The hourly chromium emissions determined in a previous study (13) are compared in Figure 9 with allocated piston line concentrations at sample location B. There is a positive association between emissions and CMB estimates.…”

Section: Chromium Contributions and Room Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Shop 1 was a room with a single copper electroplating line;('') shop 2 was a large bay containing a chromium conversion coating line, a continuous chromium electroplating line, and several manual electroplating operations; (12) and shop 3 contained a piston chrome plating line, a decorative chrome plating line, and manual and barrel zinc coating lines. (13) For each shop, two or three sources were selected for applying the CMB model. The chemical composition of workroom emissions (i.e., source fingerprint) was determined for each source on an hourly basis, and for one shop, also on a 6-hour basis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Receptor Modeling to Indoor Air Emissions from Electroplating

Wadden

Liao

Scheff

et al. 1998

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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“…(6) Models can also incorporate emission factors to describe source emission rates that vary due to process rate changes. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) …”

Section: Generation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Integrating Equation 9 over two radial distances gives the average concentration between those distances. [10] Equation 10 cannot be used to determine the average concentration from the source at r = 0 to a distance because ln (0) is unde ned. For this example scenario, the average concentration over a 1-meter distance from r = 0.05 to 1.05 meters was calculated using values of D as 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 m 2 /min.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

A Tiered Approach to Deterministic Models for Indoor Air Exposures

Keil¹

2000

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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There are a number of deterministic mathematical approaches available for modeling indoor air pollution concentrations. These models range in complexity from simple saturation vapor pressure models to models using computational fluid dynamics, with many in between these extremes. This range reflects the variety of ways pollutant generation, transport, and mixing are treated in the different models. In selecting which model to use, a tiered approach is useful. The tiered approach considers the goal of the modeling, the availability of model inputs, and the degree of uncertainty that is acceptable. The simpler models are easy to use and the inputs are often readily available. However, they usually have an inherently high degree of uncertainty which requires conservative assumptions that may result in overestimates of concentrations. The more complex models are more difficult to use and require more precise inputs. However, they have the potential to allow the modeler to reduce or quantify uncertainty. This ability to address uncertainty may be limited by the understanding of and the availability of the model inputs. An application example of the tiered approach using a completely mixed space model, a two-zone model, and a turbulent diffusion model illustrates the selection criteria for model use and the model performances. Ultimately, an understanding of the principles behind the models and their inherent strengths and weaknesses is required for their appropriate application to exposure assessment.

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Workplace Emission Factors for Hexavalent Chromium Plating

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Characterizing Formaldehyde Emission Rates in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Characterizing Formaldehyde Emission Rates in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Application of Receptor Modeling to Indoor Air Emissions from Electroplating

A Tiered Approach to Deterministic Models for Indoor Air Exposures

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