“…These included behaviors such as smiling, making eye contact, and using paralinguistics in conversation. Since the identification of immediate behaviors, researchers have identified numerous benefits of communicators engaging in these immediate behaviors during communication in health, organizational, interpersonal, and instructional contexts (Arbaugh, 2001;Baringer & McCroskey, 2000;Jia, Cheng, & Hale, 2017;Kelly, Graham, MacDonald, & Goke, 2018;Kelly & Westerman, 2014;Richmond & McCroskey, 2000;Richmond, Smith, Heisel, & McCroskey, 2001).…”