“…This conceptualisation of WPI implies that one needs to look at the organization as a whole and consider the reciprocal effects of strategy, structure and culture, if they are to reap the benefits associated with WPI (Howaldt, Oeij, Dhondt & Fruytier, 2016). For instance, hierarchical organisational structures may lead to more directive leadership styles and Human Resource Management (HRM) practices that focus on a clear division of labour and control, whereas less hierarchical structures may lead to leadership styles and HRM practices that are geared at promoting employee i n vo l ve m e n t , e n g a g e m e n t a n d commitment (MacDuffie, 1997; Pot, 2011 more on the relationship between HRM and WPI in Chapter 3 and 13 in this volume).…”