Worldwide estimates of incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in 2021

Wu, Hongjiang; Patterson, Christopher; Zhang, Xinge; Ghani, Ruhina Binta A; Magliano, Dianna J.; Boyko, Edward J.; Ogle, Graham D; Luk, Andrea O. Y.

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109785

Cited by 74 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The sugar content of the wheat cookies (85.4%) was higher than that of the corn flour cookies (63.9–80.4%) as a result of the lower sugar content of corn flour (1.20%; [ 40 ]), in comparison with wheat flour (2–3%) [ 3 ]. The lowest sugar content was found in corn cookies made using crystalline coconut sugar and VCO (C4), as the total sugar content of coconut sap (the raw material for crystalline coconut sugar) is only 9.30% [ 17 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood Sugar, Haemoglobin and Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic White Rats Fed a Diet of Corn Flour Cookies

Aini

Sustriawan

Wahyuningsih

et al. 2022

Foods

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The purpose of the study was to analyse the chemical composition of corn cookies containing different types of sugar and fat, and determine their effect on physiological parameters in diabetic rats. The experimental animals were studied using a randomised block design with seven groups of rats. The test groups were as follows: group 1, negative control rats (normal) fed standard; group 2, positive control rats (diabetic) fed standard; group 3, diabetic rats fed wheat cookies; group 4, diabetic rats fed C1 corn cookies; group 5, diabetic rats fed C2 corn cookies; group 6, diabetic rats fed C3 corn cookies; and group 7, diabetic rats fed C4 corn cookies. The tests on the rats revealed that the cookies had significant effects on blood sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA) and haemoglobin levels as well as body weight parameters. Corn cookies containing crystalline coconut sugar and virgin coconut oil (VCO) were effective at lowering blood sugar and MDA levels while increasing haemoglobin and body weight in diabetic rats. Significantly, after four weeks on this diet, rats with diabetes mellitus were in the same overall condition as normal rats. These findings suggest that these cookies may be gluten-free functional foods suitable for diabetics. These findings suggest that diabetics can safely consume maize cookies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Type 2 diabetes affects 90 percent of diabetic patients, and 53 percent of diabetics are unaware that they have the disease [ 3 ]. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the body’s insulin failing to function properly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Sugar, Haemoglobin and Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic White Rats Fed a Diet of Corn Flour Cookies

Aini

Sustriawan

Wahyuningsih

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…The ERICA study was the first school-based report in Latin America and indicates that T2DM had reached epidemic proportions in Brazilian adolescents [ 33 ]. Brazil is the fourth country in the number of incidents of T2DM in children and adolescents [ 41 ] and is the sixth country with adults living with diabetes in 2021 [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Additive and Multiplicative Interactions among Clustered Components of Metabolic Syndrome with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Brazilian Adolescent Students

2022

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Background: It is still controversial whether the joint effect of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) components is greater than that expected based on their independent effects, regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. We evaluated additive and multiplicative interactions between pair-wise combinations of metabolic syndrome components regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We studied 37,815 Brazilian adolescents from a national school-based survey, The Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA). A poisson regression model was used to calculate sex-, age-, obesity-, smoking status-, sedentary behavior-, physical inactivity-, alcoholic consumption- and socioeconomic status-adjusted prevalence ratios to evaluate both additive and multiplicative interactions. Results: In the comparison of observed and expected joint effects, relative excess risk due to additive interaction (RERI) for high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high triglycerides and elevated waist circumference, elevated waist circumference and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and elevated waist circumference and high blood pressure were 2.53 (−0.41, 5.46), 2.86 (−2.89, 8.61), 1.71 (−1.05, 4.46) and 0.97 (0.15, 1.79), respectively, thus suggesting additive interactions. Multiplicative interactions for those pairs of components were also observed, as expressed by interaction ratios > 1.0. Conclusions: The joint presence of some of the components of MetS showed a greater association with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents than expected from the sum of their isolated effects. From a public health perspective, preventing one of the components of the pairs that interact may result in a greater reduction in the prevalence of T2DM than focusing on an individual component that does not interact with another component.

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“…However, it has been showcased in several studies in parallel with rising rates of childhood obesity and has been on the rise in pediatric and adolescent patients over the past two decades in many countries of the modern westernized societies. Therefore, the need for newer pharmaceutical agents seems to be imperative [ 11 ]. The main aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of metformin and GLP-1 analogues in children and adolescents with DMT2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around 30% and 40% of the worldwide total incident cases were in the IDF Western Pacific region and in World Bank upper-middle-income countries, respectively. The three countries with the highest estimated number of incident cases were China, India, and United States of America [ 11 ]. Therefore, the need for new pharmaceutical agents in the pediatric/adolescent populations is indispensable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin and GLP-1 Analogues in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

et al. 2022

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is one of the most frequent glucose metabolism disorders, in which serum glucose concentrations are increased. In most cases, changes in lifestyle and diet are considered as the first step in addressing its therapy. If changes in lifestyle and diet fail, drugs, such as metformin, must be added. Lately, apart from metformin or insulin, the FDA has approved the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues for children and adolescents. Little is known about their efficacy and safety at this young age. The main aim of this systematic review/meta-analysis was to assess the safety and efficacy of metformin and GLP-1 analogues, exenatide and liraglutide, compared with placebos or other antidiabetic drugs used for DMT2 in children and adolescents. Metformin did not seem to demonstrate pharmacologic superiority, while GLP-1 analogues were found superior to placebos. GLP-1 analogues may be considered a useful alternative for the treatment of DMT2 in children and adolescents.

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Worldwide estimates of incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in 2021

Cited by 74 publications

References 49 publications

Blood Sugar, Haemoglobin and Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic White Rats Fed a Diet of Corn Flour Cookies

Blood Sugar, Haemoglobin and Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic White Rats Fed a Diet of Corn Flour Cookies

Positive Additive and Multiplicative Interactions among Clustered Components of Metabolic Syndrome with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Brazilian Adolescent Students

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin and GLP-1 Analogues in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

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