Worldwide large-scale fluctuations of sardine and anchovy populations

Schwartzlose, Richard A.; Alheit, Jürgen; Bakun, Andrew; Baumgartner, Tim R.; Cloete, Rudi; Crawford, R. J. M.; Fletcher, W. J.; Green-Ruiz, Y.; Hagen, Eberhard; Kawasaki, Tsuyoshi; Lluch-Belda, Daniel; Lluch‐Cota, Salvador E.; MacCall, Alec D.; Matsuura, Yasunobu; Nevárez-Martı́nez, Manuel O.; Parrish, Richard H.; Roy, Claude; Serra, Rodolfo; Shust, K. V.; Ward, Martin; Zuzunaga, Jorge

doi:10.2989/025776199784125962

Cited by 465 publications

(347 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Fish oil and meal production is strongly dependent on the availability of wild fisheries and the mismatch between demand and expected supply of fish oil is expected to reach 40 million tonnes by 2030 (7) . Dramatic decreases, even collapse, can occur in fish populations of the species involved in fish oil production (1,8) . Problems facing most fisheries are complex and stock decreases can be caused by numerous environmental, biological and ecological factors, not necessarily fishing impacts (8) .…”

Section: Sustainability Of Wild Fish Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dramatic decreases, even collapse, can occur in fish populations of the species involved in fish oil production (1,8) . Problems facing most fisheries are complex and stock decreases can be caused by numerous environmental, biological and ecological factors, not necessarily fishing impacts (8) . For instance, climatic events such as El Niño can significantly decrease fish populations and therefore increase pressure on fish oil and meal supply (9 -11) .…”

Section: Sustainability Of Wild Fish Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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n-3 Oil sources for use in aquaculture – alternatives to the unsustainable harvest of wild fish

Miller

Nichols

Carter³

2008

Nutr. Res. Rev.

163

109

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The present review examines renewable sources of oils with n-3 long-chain ( ≥ C20) PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA) as alternatives to oil from wild-caught fish in aquafeeds. Due to the increased demand for and price of wild-caught marine sources of n-3 LC-PUFA-rich oil, their effective and sustainable replacement in aquafeeds is an industry priority, especially because dietary n-3 LC-PUFA from eating fish are known to have health benefits in human beings. The benefits and challenges involved in changing dietary oil in aquaculture are highlighted and four major potential sources of n-3 LC-PUFA for aquafeeds, other than fish oil, are compared. These sources of oil, which contain n-3 LC-PUFA, specifically EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) or precursors to these key essential fatty acids, are: (1) other marine sources of oil; (2) vegetable oils that contain biosynthetic precursors, such as stearidonic acid, which may be used by fish to produce n-3 LC-PUFA; (3) single-cell oil sources of n-3 LC-PUFA; (4) vegetable oils derived from oil-seed crops that have undergone genetic modification to contain n-3 LC-PUFA. The review focuses on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), because it is the main intensively cultured finfish species and it both uses and stores large amounts of oil, in particular n-3 LC-PUFA, in the flesh.

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Section: Sustainability Of Wild Fish Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sustainability Of Wild Fish Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-3 Oil sources for use in aquaculture – alternatives to the unsustainable harvest of wild fish

Miller

Nichols

Carter³

2008

Nutr. Res. Rev.

163

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In terms of consequences for higher ecosystem levels, change in the physical forcing is a prime suspect for changes in the biological structure, functioning and diversity of entire ecosystems. Case in point are global and regional ''regime shifts'' seen in the geographical predominance and biomass of small pelagic fish in coastal other upwelling systems (Chavez et al 2003;Schwartzlose et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in upwelling intensity and nutrient regime in the coastal upwelling system offshore Namibia: results from sediment archives

Emeis

Struck

Leipe

et al. 2007

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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The coastal upwelling system offshore Namibia is ideally suited to address a focal question of the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research Programme: what are the mechanisms that drive long-term changes in ecosystems? Considerable interannual variability in climatic forcing is indicated by long time series of meteorological and remote sensing observation; these accompany considerable interannual to interdecadal changes in the upwelling intensity over the last 100 years, as well as a centennial trend. On longer time scales, the only archives available are sediment records spanning the late Holocene. To decipher the sediment record, we mapped surface-sediment patterns of proxies for physical (sea surface temperature/SST from alkenone unsaturation indexes) and nutrient (d 15 N on bulk sedimentary N) variables. Their present-day surface-sediment patterns outline the coastal upwelling cells and filaments and associated high productivity area. Analysed in an array of dated sediment cores, the spatial patterns of SST suggest long-term ([100 years) variability in the location and intensity of individual upwelling cells. The patterns of d 15 N outline an area of intense denitrification near the coast, and advection of water with low-oxygen concentrations in the undercurrent from the North. d 15 N exhibits considerable downcore variability, in particular over the last 50 years. The variability appears to be governed by differences in extent of denitrification and thus of the shelf oxygen balance, which appears to have deteriorated in the last 50 years. Together, the data suggest that SST and denitrification conditions have remained in the narrow bounds outlined by today's patterns in surface sediments, but that spatially small variability in upwelling intensity and make-up of upwelling feed waters induced considerable changes in the lower trophic levels of the coastal upwelling ecosystem over the last 6,000 years. Attempts to correlate proxy records from sediments with observational time series and regional climate reconstructions were not successful, possibly because annual to interannual environmental signals are erased in the process of sediment formation.

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“…Some studies in this zone have described laminated sediments containing natural archives of climate and ecosystem change, such as diatoms, organic carbon and fish scales (e.g. Kemp et al, 1990;Schwartzlose et al, 1999). However, to our knowledge, the present study is the first multiproxy approach conducted at high-resolution in sediments containing laminated sequences that record different modes of variability during the recent past.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Decadal variability may also modulate the frequency, intensity and timing of the ENSO cycle (Wang and 2004). These low frequency changes in the physical environment can result in large non-linear "regime shifts" in marine ecosystem structure in the Pacific Basin (Mantua and Hare, 2002;Schwartzlose et al, 1999;Hsieh et al, 2005). Within the HCE , two "anchovy regimes" (from the start of the fisheries until early 70s, and from early 90's until present) separated by a "sardine regime" (from mid 70's until early 90's) have been proposed (Chávez et al, 2003;Alheit andÑiquen, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anoxic sediments off Central Peru record interannual to multidecadal changes of climate and upwelling ecosystem during the last two centuries

et al. 2006

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Abstract. High-resolution paleo-environmental and paleoecological archives in laminated sequences are present in selected areas from the upper continental Peruvian margin within the oxygen minimum zone. We present initial results of a multidisciplinary study (the PALEOPECES project) that aims to reconstruct environmental and ecosystem variability during the past 200 years from high-resolution records. We report chronology development, sediment structure, elemental, organic, and mineralogical compositions of a box core collected at 300 m depth off Pisco, central Peru. An average sedimentation rate of 2.2 mm y −1 was estimated from downcore excess 210 Pb activities for the last 100-150 years. Extending this rate further downcore indicates that a slump located at 52 cm depth from the top of the core can be correlated with a large tsunami that struck the coast of central Peru in 1746. X-ray analyses reveal laminated structures composed of couplets of light and dark laminae. Observations under polarized microscope show that light laminae are dominated by more dense, detrital and terrigenous material, while dark laminae are less dense with greater concentrations of amorphous biogenic silica. Downcore variations in dry bulk density and X-ray radioscopy of gray level show similar patterns, including a major shift at 34 cm depth (ca. mid-nineteenth century). A finely laminated sequence, which may include annual varves, is present between 34 cm depth and the slump layer. Sediment characteristics of the Correspondence to: D. Gutiérrez (dgutierrez@imarpe.gob.pe) sequence suggest increased seasonality of terrigenous versus biogenous sedimentation during the corresponding period. In addition to a mid-nineteenth century change and considerable multidecadal variability in TOC, there is a positive trend in the past 50 years. Mineralogical analyses from a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of the upper core covering the last 25 years, indicate higher concentrations of the mineral fraction (quartz, feldspar, kaolinite and illite) in layers including large El Niño events (1982-1983, 1986-1987 and 1997-1998), with the largest peak during the 1997-1998 episode. These results confirm that anoxic sediments off Pisco are suitable archives to investigate interannual and decadal changes in oceanographic conditions and climate of the northern Humboldt upwelling system.

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Worldwide large-scale fluctuations of sardine and anchovy populations

Cited by 465 publications

References 53 publications

n-3 Oil sources for use in aquaculture – alternatives to the unsustainable harvest of wild fish

n-3 Oil sources for use in aquaculture – alternatives to the unsustainable harvest of wild fish

Variability in upwelling intensity and nutrient regime in the coastal upwelling system offshore Namibia: results from sediment archives

Anoxic sediments off Central Peru record interannual to multidecadal changes of climate and upwelling ecosystem during the last two centuries

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