Worldwide risk assessment of phthalates and bisphenol A in humans: The need for updating guidelines

Dueñas-Moreno, Jaime; Mora, Abrahan; Kumar, Manish; Meng, Xiang-Zhou; Mahlknecht, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108294

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…We found that bisphenol concentration levels and DI were higher in adults than in minors; it is consistent with the finding by Martín et al ( 82 ) that BPA concentration levels were significantly higher in adults than in children, indicating that children are experiencing less exposure to BPA than adults ( 83 ). In addition, the median levels of bisphenols (creatinine-adjusted) in all participants were significantly increased along with increasing age; however, contradictory findings have been reported by other studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…According to that, the relevant HBGV must be updated to meet the current human health risk assessment standards (such as the TDI for the calculation of phenol-specific HQs should be updated) ( 101 ). Additionally, the HI values were < 1 (sum of the corresponding HQs of each bisphenol), and this finding is consistent with those of recent studies ( 33 , 103 ), although some of these values were set many years ago ( 83 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…When we assume that the TDI of BPF and BPS has the same TDI as BPA, more than 99% of the 366 individuals in our study had a cumulate HI BPs value exceeding 1, indicating that bisphenol exposure risk was indeed a cause for concern; this finding was consistent with that of EFSA (2023), the dietary exposure to BPA is a major health concern for consumers of all ages. While most regulatory agencies and governments generally consider the current reference dose to be a “safe” threshold, more evidence shows adverse effects of BPA on human health at low exposure doses ( 83 ). We further found that the median values of HI were higher in adults than in minors; furthermore, the contribution of BPF to the total health hazard was higher than that of BPA in adults, indicating that we cannot ignore the BPA and its substitute in human effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure characteristics and cumulative risk assessment of bisphenol A and its substitutes: the Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants 2013

Lin,

Chen,

Chang

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionEver since the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been restricted, concerns have been raised regarding the use of its substitutes, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). Meanwhile, the EU European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued the new tolerable daily intake (TDI) after the latest re-risk assessment for BPA, which enforced the need for cumulative risk assessment in the population. This study was conducted to identify BPA and its substitute’s exposure characteristics of the general Taiwanese population and estimate the cumulative risk of bisphenol exposure.MethodsUrine samples (N = 366 [adult, 271; minor, 95]) were collected from individuals who participated in the Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants 2013. The samples were analyzed for BPA, BPS, and BPF through ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Daily intake (DI) levels were calculated for each bisphenol. Hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated with the consideration of tolerable DI and a reference dose. Additionally, hazard index (HI; sum of HQs for each bisphenol) values were calculated.ResultsOur study found that the median level of BPA was significantly higher in adults (9.63 μg/g creatinine) than in minors (6.63 μg/g creatinine) (p < 0.001). The DI of BPS was higher in female (0.69 ng/kg/day) than in male (0.49 ng/kg/day); however, the DIs of BPF and BPS were higher in boys (1.15 and 0.26 ng/kg/day, respectively) than in girls (0.57 and 0.20 ng/kg/day, respectively). Most HI values exceeded 1 (99% of the participants) after EFSA re-establish the TDI of BPA.DiscussionOur study revealed that the exposure profiles and risk of BPA and its substitute in Taiwanese varied by age and sex. Additionally, the exposure risk of BPA was deemed unacceptable in Taiwan according to new EFSA regulations, and food contamination could be the possible source of exposure. We suggest that the risk of exposure to BPA and its substitutes in most human biomonitoring studies should be reassessed based on new scientific evidence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure characteristics and cumulative risk assessment of bisphenol A and its substitutes: the Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants 2013

Lin,

Chen,

Chang

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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“…This is perhaps a function of the almost similar body weights used for their calculations. Although the ADD, HQ, and HI values for the levels of each of the EDCs in aerosols from indoor environments in this study are all below the threshold value of 1.0 and are even lower than the global range found in humans (5.00 × 10 –5 to 6.56 μg/kg bw/day), there are chances that some of these EDCs even at low doses, can trigger adverse health effects when humans are exposed to them. This has been found true for BPA which was reported to be hormonally active at low doses of 5.2 μg/kg/d.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 65%

Distribution, Correlations, and Risk Evaluation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals from Indoor Aerosols within Universities in Nigeria

Bamigboye,

Alfred,

Bolujoko

et al. 2024

ACS EST Air

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Aerosols from filters in air conditioning systems in three indoor environments (staff offices, libraries, and laboratories) across nine universities in Southwest Nigeria were analysed for the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben (BuP), triclosan (TCS), and bisphenol A (BPA). A total of 102 indoor aerosol samples were collected. The trend for the mean of mean concentrations ( ) of MeP (405 ng/g) < EtP (698.8 ng/g) < PrP (4326 ng/g) > BuP (2962 ng/g) < BPA (4316 ng/g) < TCS (4943 ng/g) in staff offices is consistent with those found in libraries (MeP = 452 ng/g; EtP = 1936 ng/g; PrP = 4046 ng/g; BuP = 2584 ng/g; BPA = 2472 ng/g; and TCS = 5109 ng/ g). However, the values for EDCs in laboratory aerosols are higher than those found in either staff offices or libraries. Aerosols from indoor environments in universities located in high-population-density areas show higher concentrations of EDCs than in universities established in less populated areas. PrP and TCS were predominant in aerosols from staff offices and libraries, while BuP and TCS were the largest contributors to EDCs in aerosols from the laboratories. PrP is the main contributor to the Hazard Quotients of these EDCs, while PrP and BPA contribute more to the Hazard Index. Data for antimicrobials (parabens and TCS) in aerosols from libraries showed a strong correlation with those from staff offices and laboratories, while for BPA there was a strong correlation between data from libraries and laboratories. The strong correlations between pairs of EDCs in aerosols from different indoor environments suggest that they may have similar accumulation tendencies and the same anthropogenic sources, especially in laboratories. Aerosols in offices of most female staff had higher levels of EDCs compared to those of the male. There is a need to focus on regulating the amount of PrP, TCS, and BPA in pharmaceutical, plastics, and personal care products in Nigeria. This study is the first attempt to report the occurrence and distribution of parabens and TCS in indoor aerosols from the West African sub-region.

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Bisphenol A and its analogues: from their occurrence in foodstuffs marketed in Europe to improved monitoring strategies—a review of published literature from 2018 to 2023

Neri,

Russo,

Grumetto

2024

Arch Toxicol

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In this review article, the research works covering the analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and its structural analogues published from 2018 to present (February 2024) were examined. The review offers an overview of the concentration levels of these xenoestrogens in food and beverages, and discusses concerns that these may possibly pose to the human health and scrutinises, from an analytical perspective, the main biomonitoring approaches that are applied. This comes as a natural evolution of a previous review that covered the same topic but in earlier years (up to 2017). As compared to the past, while the volume of published literature on this topic has not necessarily decreased, the research studies are now much more homogeneous in terms of their geographical origin, i.e., Southern Europe (mainly Italy and Spain). For this reason, an estimated daily intake of the European population could not be calculated at this time. In terms of the analytical approaches that were applied, 67% of the research groups exploited liquid chromatography (LC), with a detection that was prevalently (71%) afforded by mass spectrometry, with over one-fourth of the research teams using fluorescence (26%) and a minority (3%) detecting the analytes with diode array detection. One-third of the groups used gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry achieving comparatively superior efficiency as compared to LC. Derivatisation was performed in 59% of the GC studies to afford more symmetrical signals and enhanced sensitivity. Although the contamination levels are well below the threshold set by governments, routinely biomonitoring is encouraged because of the possible accumulation of these contaminants in the human body and of their interplay with other xenoestrogens.

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Worldwide risk assessment of phthalates and bisphenol A in humans: The need for updating guidelines

Cited by 22 publications

References 140 publications

Exposure characteristics and cumulative risk assessment of bisphenol A and its substitutes: the Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants 2013

Exposure characteristics and cumulative risk assessment of bisphenol A and its substitutes: the Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants 2013

Distribution, Correlations, and Risk Evaluation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals from Indoor Aerosols within Universities in Nigeria

Bisphenol A and its analogues: from their occurrence in foodstuffs marketed in Europe to improved monitoring strategies—a review of published literature from 2018 to 2023

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