Wormhole attack mitigation strategies and their impact on wireless sensor network performance: A literature survey

Shahid, Hafsa; Ashraf, Humaira; Ullah, Ata; Band, Shahab S.; Elnaffar, Said

doi:10.1002/dac.5311

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…In this document, ESPAR antennas are designed and configured such that the distance between each antenna is 0.5λ, and the distinction among active and parasitic element is λ/4. 19,20 The proposed 2 Â 2 array antenna's gain (9.61 dBi) is much higher than the previously published array antennas like 9.04 21 and 9.50 dBi. 22 As compared to the other features, reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and directivity are also investigated with well-designed antennas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

“…As its structure is static, it builds the next beam followed by the previous beam by shifting periodically. Reiterating this process M times, M beams can produce M‐beam patterns such that it achieves the maximum beam pattern at an angle of 20,21

θ_{m} goodbreak= \frac{2 π ((), m goodbreak- 1)}{M}; for normalm goodbreak= 1, 2, 3, \dots, normalM .

…”

Section: Espar/array Antenna Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, designing the array antenna using the optimum radiator is a big challenge. In this document, ESPAR antennas are designed and configured such that the distance between each antenna is 0.5λ, and the distinction among active and parasitic element is λ/4 19,20 . The proposed 2 × 2 array antenna's gain (9.61 dBi) is much higher than the previously published array antennas like 9.04 21 and 9.50 dBi 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ESPAR array design for the UHF RFID wireless sensor communication system

Rahman

Ryu

2023

Int J Communication

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In this paper, in order to improve the received signal strength (RSS) and signal quality, three arrays of electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antennas are suggested for the ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) communication and sensing system applications.Instead of the single antenna, the array antennas have recently been widely used in many communication systems because of their peak gains, better radiation patterns, and higher radiation efficiency. Also, there are some important issues to use the antenna array like high data rates in wireless communication systems and to better understand the many targets or sensors. In this article, a wireless sensor network (WSN) is being investigated to overcome multipath fading and interference by antenna nulling technology that can be achieved through beam control ESPAR array antennas. The proposed ESPAR array antennas exhibit higher gains like 9.63, 10.2, and 12 dBi and proper radiation patterns from one array to another. Moreover, we investigate the mutual coupling effect on the performance of array antennas with different spacing (0.5λ, 0.75λ, λ) and configurations. It is found that the worst mutual coupling reduced by À28 to À34 dB for 2 Â 2 array, À3 to À43 dB for 2 Â 3 array, and finally À42 dB to À51 dB due to the antenna spacing from 0.5λ to λ. Thus, these suggested antennas could effectively be applied in the WSN communication systems, internet of things (IoT) networks, and massive wireless and backscatter communication systems.

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mentioning

confidence: 74%

θ_{m} goodbreak= \frac{2 π ((), m goodbreak- 1)}{M}; for normalm goodbreak= 1, 2, 3, \dots, normalM .

…”

Section: Espar/array Antenna Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ESPAR array design for the UHF RFID wireless sensor communication system

Rahman

Ryu

2023

Int J Communication

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“…Also, this research used the linked data attributes that have a long value, e.g., "dbo: abstract", as training data for neural network models, and, we extracted from them the valuable concepts for QE. In our exploration of a query reformulation approach using a domainspecific ontology, our research draws upon foundational insights presented in [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Query Reformulation Approaches Using Domain-specific Ontologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Query Reformulation Approach Using Domain Specific Ontology

Javed,

Ashraf,

Jhanjhi

2024

Preprint

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Query reformulation is a fundamental task in information retrieval systems aimed at improving the accuracy and relevance of search results. This abstract presents a query reformulation approach that utilizes a domain-specific ontology to enhance the effectiveness of query reformulation. The use of ontology enables a more precise understanding of the domain and its associated concepts, leading to more accurate query interpretation and reformulation. The proposed approach consists of two main steps: ontology-based query interpretation and ontology-guided query expansion. The proposed approach use Power thesaurus tool that perform sentiment analysis for suggestion of the synonyms of the query words to improve the accuracy of the retrieved results. The proposed methodology gives high accuracy as compared to the previous approaches that used Wordnet for the suggestions of synonyms. The proposed approach demonstrates the potential of utilizing ontologies in query reformulation, offering a more accurate and context-aware search experience in domain-specific information retrieval systems.

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“…Wormhole can bypass cryptographic measures, so the techniques based on complex computing functions are less welcomed in low-resource scenarios of ad hoc networks. That's why devising solutions for these scenarios is one of the critical challenges 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DAIWN: Detection and Isolation of Wormhole Nodes in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Bhatti

Saleem

Imran³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The wormhole attack is one of the most treacherous attacks projected at the routing layer that can bypass cryptographicmeasures and derail the entire communication network. It is too difficult to prevent a priori; all the possible countermeasures are either too expensive or ineffective. Indeed, literature solutions either require expensive hardware (typically UWB or secure GPStransceivers) or pose specific constraints to the adversarial behavior (doing or not doing a suspicious action). The proposed solution belongs to the second category because the adversary is assumed to have done one or more known suspicious actions. In this solution, we adopt a heuristic approach to detect wormholes in ad hoc networks based on the detection of their illicit behaviors. Wormhole and post wormhole attacks are often confused in literature; that’s why we clearly state that our methodology does not provide a defence against wormholes, but rather against the actions that an adversary does after thewormhole, such as packet dropping, tampering with TTL, replaying and looping, etc. In terms of contributions, the proposed solution addresses the knock-out capability of attackers that is less targeted by the researcher’s community. In addition, it neither requires any additional hardware nor a change in it; instead, it is compatible with the existing network stack. The idea is simulated in ns2.30, and the average detection rate of the proposed solution is found to be 98-99%. The theoretical time to detect a wormhole node lies between 0.07-0.71 seconds. But, from the simulation, the average detection and isolation time is 0.67 seconds. In term of packet loss, the proposed solution has a relatively overhead of ≈ 22%. It works well in static and mobile scenarios, but the frame losses are higher in mobile scenarios as compared to static ones. The computational complexity of the solution is O(n). Simulation results advocate that the solution is effective in terms of memory, processing, bandwidth, and energy cost. The solution is validated using statistical parameters such as Accuracy, Precision, F1-Score andMatthews correlation coefficient (Mcc).

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Wormhole attack mitigation strategies and their impact on wireless sensor network performance: A literature survey

Cited by 11 publications

References 80 publications

ESPAR array design for the UHF RFID wireless sensor communication system

ESPAR array design for the UHF RFID wireless sensor communication system

Query Reformulation Approach Using Domain Specific Ontology

DAIWN: Detection and Isolation of Wormhole Nodes in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

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