Wound Botulism Among Persons Who Inject Black Tar Heroin in New Mexico, 2016

Middaugh, Nicole; Edwards, Leslie; Chatham‐Stephens, Kevin; Argüello, D. Fermín

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.744179

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Due to its low prevalence, botulism may be under-recognized unless actively considered. A presumptive diagnosis should be made clinically for early delivery of antitoxin, and later confirmed by serum botulinum toxin testing [ 2 , 3 , 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are seven types of BoNTs, types A through G, of which human illnesses typically arise via serovars A, B, and E [ 3 ]. There are many routes of BoNT exposure, but the majority of transmission comes from intestinal colonization, inhalation, or wound contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly seen in crush injuries, gunshot wounds, and open fractures, the first reported case of injection drug use was in 1982 in New York City [ 4 ]. Since 2016, there has been a marked increase in the number of wound botulism cases, with 82% of the country's reported cases isolated in California, where the use of BTH is common [ 3 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BTH is a black-colored form of heroin that is gummy in consistency, mainly produced in Mexico, and diluted with shoe polish and dirt [ 5 ]. Although wound botulism accounts for less than 10% of cases annually [ 3 ], physicians should maintain a high degree of clinical suspicion when evaluating patients with neuroparalytic symptoms and a history of injection drug use [ 6 ]. This is especially important in the western United States, where BTH is widely used [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Wound Botulism in the Setting of Pregnancy: A Literature Review and Case Report

Ghantarchyan¹,

Phan²,

Hu³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Botulism is a rare neuroparalytic illness caused by Clostridium botulinum that can manifest as a descending flaccid paralysis, progressing from cranial neuropathies to respiratory failure. Wound botulism, constituting a minority of cases, is majorly associated with the injection of black tar heroin (BTH) in the western United States. A patient population of particular concern is pregnant women, who may experience a more severe course due to the physiological changes that occur in pregnancy. Because botulism in pregnancy lacks pathognomic features, physicians should maintain a high clinical suspicion when faced with a pregnant patient with neurological symptoms and a history of BTH use. Here, we report the case of a 25-year-old G3P1A1 female with a history of BTH use who presented with cranial neuropathies and respiratory insufficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Wound Botulism in the Setting of Pregnancy: A Literature Review and Case Report

Ghantarchyan¹,

Phan²,

Hu³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…B. Penicillin G, Metronidazol) sowie ein chirurgisches Wunddébridement indiziert [4,16]. Die antimikrobielle Therapie sollte mit der Gabe von Antitoxin einhergehen, da durch die induzierte Bakteriolyse größere Toxinmengen ausgeschwemmt werden können [5].…”

Section: Therapieunclassified

Botulismus

Wendt¹,

Hegelmaier²,

Lippmann³

et al. 2022

Z Gastroenterol

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Drug preparation, injection-related infections, and harm reduction practices among a national sample of individuals entering treatment for opioid use disorder

Marks,

Durkin,

Ayres

et al. 2024

Harm Reduct J

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Background The rise in injection drug use in the USA has led to an increase in injection site infections. We performed a national survey of people who use drugs to evaluate common drug use preparation, harm reduction practices, and experiences with injection site infections. Methods A survey was disseminated to members of the Survey of Key Informants’ Patients Program from 2021 to 2022 and distributed to patients 18 years or older newly entering one of 68 substance use disorder treatment programs across the USA with a primary diagnosis of an opioid use disorder. Participants were surveyed about practices when preparing and using drugs, along with self-reported infections and drug use complications. Results 1289 participants responded to the survey. Sexually transmitted infections were common, with 37.6% reporting ever having had any sexually transmitted infection. Injection-associated infections had affected 63.4% of participants who had ever used injection drugs. Many respondents reported not seeking professional medical assistance for infection management, including 29% draining abscesses without seeking medical care and 22.8% obtaining antibiotics through non-healthcare sources. Non-sterile injection practices included sharing needles with others who were febrile or ill (18%), using needles previously used to drain wounds/abscesses (9.9%) for subsequent injection drug use, and licking needles (21.2%). Conclusion Patients entering treatment for opioid use disorder reported a high burden of infectious diseases. A number of easily-modifiable high risk behaviors for developing injection-related infections were identified. Efforts are needed to disseminate targeted harm reduction education to PWID on how to reduce their risks for injection-related infections.

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Wound Botulism Among Persons Who Inject Black Tar Heroin in New Mexico, 2016

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Wound Botulism in the Setting of Pregnancy: A Literature Review and Case Report

Wound Botulism in the Setting of Pregnancy: A Literature Review and Case Report

Botulismus

Drug preparation, injection-related infections, and harm reduction practices among a national sample of individuals entering treatment for opioid use disorder

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