2019
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00074
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Wounds as the Portal of Entrance for Parrot Bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) and Retrograde Axonal Transport in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

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Cited by 12 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…Difficulty in reproducing successful infection through oral administration has led to questioning fecal–oral transmission, which had been postulated as the natural route of infection for bornaviruses in birds 34 . In a recent study, cockatiels were infected with PaBV by applying the infectious inoculum through defects in the skin of the footpad, suggesting that wound contamination may be a natural way for PaBV infection to occur 35 ; in this case infection would depend on the levels of environmental contamination, rather than bird-to-bird transmission. In our study, only a few birds (n = 6) tested positive for ABBV-1 RNA in the choanal and/or cloacal swabs at 12 wpi, indicating the potential for virus shedding and environmental contamination.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Difficulty in reproducing successful infection through oral administration has led to questioning fecal–oral transmission, which had been postulated as the natural route of infection for bornaviruses in birds 34 . In a recent study, cockatiels were infected with PaBV by applying the infectious inoculum through defects in the skin of the footpad, suggesting that wound contamination may be a natural way for PaBV infection to occur 35 ; in this case infection would depend on the levels of environmental contamination, rather than bird-to-bird transmission. In our study, only a few birds (n = 6) tested positive for ABBV-1 RNA in the choanal and/or cloacal swabs at 12 wpi, indicating the potential for virus shedding and environmental contamination.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Di culty in reproducing successful infection through oral administration has led to questioning fecal-oral transmission, which had been postulated as the natural route of infection for avian bornaviruses [32]. A recent study successfully reproduced PaBV infection and clinical signs in cockatiels by applying the infectious inoculum through defects in the skin of the footpad, suggesting that wound contamination may be a natural way for PaBV infection to occur [33]; in this case infection would depend on the levels of environmental contamination, rather than bird-tobird transmission. In our study, only a few birds (n = 6) tested positive for ABBV-1 RNA in the choanal and / or cloacal swabs at 12 wpi, indicating the potential for virus shedding and environmental contamination.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This was demonstrated for psittacines (mainly cockatiels) inoculated with PaBV-2 or PaBV-4 and for canaries inoculated with CnBV-1 or CnBV-2 [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ]. Heckmann et al [ 125 ] suggested that PaBV-4 infection may be established also by experimental inoculation via epidermal lesions. In contrast, mucosal inoculation of cockatiels with similar doses of PaBV-2 or PaBV-4 via peroral, intranasal or oculonasal routes did not result in detectable persistent infection, even when mucosal lesions had been induced before inoculation [ 119 , 125 , 126 ].…”
Section: Avian Bornavirus Transmission and Course Of Infectionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Heckmann et al [ 125 ] suggested that PaBV-4 infection may be established also by experimental inoculation via epidermal lesions. In contrast, mucosal inoculation of cockatiels with similar doses of PaBV-2 or PaBV-4 via peroral, intranasal or oculonasal routes did not result in detectable persistent infection, even when mucosal lesions had been induced before inoculation [ 119 , 125 , 126 ]. Oculonasal inoculation of canaries with high doses of CnBV-2 produced highly variable results in three different experiments, ranging from no or barely detectable infection to efficient infection of all inoculated birds [ 19 , 118 ].…”
Section: Avian Bornavirus Transmission and Course Of Infectionmentioning
confidence: 99%