Single-atom
catalysts (SACs) featuring the complete atomic utilization
of metal, high-efficient catalytic activity, superior selectivity,
and excellent stability have been emerged as a frontier in the catalytic
field. Recently, increasing interests have been drawn to apply SACs
in biomedical fields for enzyme-mimic catalysis and disease therapy.
To fulfill the demand of precision and personalized medicine, precisely
engineering the structure and active site toward atomic levels is
a trend for nanomedicines, promoting the evolution of metal-based
biomedical nanomaterials, particularly biocatalytic nanomaterials,
from nanoparticles to clusters and now to SACs. This review outlines
the syntheses, characterizations, and catalytic mechanisms of metal
clusters and SACs, with a focus on their biomedical applications including
biosensing, antibacterial therapy, and cancer therapy, as well as
an emphasis on their in vivo biological safeties.
Challenges and future perspectives are ultimately prospected for SACs
in diverse biomedical applications.