2010
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2009.10.168
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X-ray active mirror coupled with a Hartmann wavefront sensor

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Cited by 66 publications
(28 citation statements)
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“…These include ablation imprints, [7][8][9] scintillation crystals or x-ray sensitive Hartmann sensors. [10][11][12] However, high peak intensities of FEL pulses near their small foci have made this extremely challenging, either because of the potential damage to such instruments or the difficulty in interpreting their measurements or both.…”
Section: Methods For Pulse Profilingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These include ablation imprints, [7][8][9] scintillation crystals or x-ray sensitive Hartmann sensors. [10][11][12] However, high peak intensities of FEL pulses near their small foci have made this extremely challenging, either because of the potential damage to such instruments or the difficulty in interpreting their measurements or both.…”
Section: Methods For Pulse Profilingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This can be done by equipping the mirror with a system of benders for overall curvature correction or bimorph actuators to achieve the correction over shorter spatial scales (Signorato et al, 1998). In the best performing cases, with a focal spot of a few nanometers, these optics are nowadays approaching the diffraction limit in soft X-rays (Idir et al, 2010). In practice, there are practical limitations to the corrections that can be operated via actuators, such as the maximum strain they can exert on the mirrors, the difficulty modeling the surface at junctions between the actuators, and the realistic determination of the voltages to be applied (Vannoni et al, 2015).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The visible light can then be magnified by an ordinary microscope objective and measured by a CCD camera [8]. Although this scintillator-based method has been proven to work well for measuring the wavefront for soft X-ray beams [8][9][10], it has the disadvantage that only relatively large beams can be measured, because multiple holes, typically in the micrometer range, must be present across the beam [8]. The resolution of these methods are generally good, and has proven to be accurate to 1/120 part of the wavelength in a study with photon energy of 92.5 eV [7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%