X-ray and optical spectroscopic study of the coloration of red glass used in 19th century decorative mosaics at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha

Ravel, Bruce; Carr, G. L.; Hauzenberger, Christoph; Klysubun, Wantana

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2014.06.001

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The intensity of the pre-edge peak (8890.9 eV) decreased, but the intensity for the postedge peak (∼8996.6 eV) increased and slightly shifted to higher energy as a function of treatment time. The pre-edge peak position was consistent with the standard Cu 2 O pre-edge position corresponding to an electronic transition from 1s to 4p . The decreasing pre-edge peak intensity indicated that Cu 2 O in the coating may be dissolved in NaOH solution.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The pre-edge peak position was consistent with the standard Cu 2 O pre-edge position corresponding to an electronic transition from 1s to 4p. 41 The decreasing pre-edge peak intensity indicated that Cu 2 O in the coating may be dissolved in NaOH solution. Figure 5A shows that the clusters were attacked and dissolved after 20 min of NaOH treatment, comparing to pristine coating (Figure 1B).…”

Section: Atomic Ratio Evolution Along the Depth Direction And Chemica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling the Formation Mechanism of a Hybrid Zr-Based Chemical Conversion Coating with Organic and Copper Compounds for Corrosion Inhibition

Liu

Vonk

Kisslinger

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Environmentally friendly chromate-free, zirconium (Zr)-based conversion coating is a promising green technology for corrosion protection. Additives in the surface treatment provide critical functionalities and performance improvements; however, mechanistic understanding as to how the additives influence the coatings remains unclear. In this study, a new organic–inorganic hybrid Zr-based conversion coating combines copper (Cu) compounds and polyamidoamine (PAMAM), taking advantage of the complementary nature of organic and inorganic additives. A multimodal approach combining electron and X-ray characterization is applied to study the interaction of Cu2+ and PAMAM and the resulting impacts on coating formation. Adding PAMAM changed the surface morphology, thickness, distribution of Cu in the clusters, and void formation of the coatings. High PAMAM (100–200 ppm) leads to little conversion coating formation, and low PAMAM (0–25 ppm) shows voids formation under the coatings. Moreover, PAMAM incorporates in the coating in the form of a PAMAM–Cu complex with a higher concentration toward the surface, providing an organic layer at the surface of the coating. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy shows the difference between the conventional and the hybrid coating treatments in an alkaline solution to simulate the E-coat process, suggesting the contribution of PAMAM in the enhanced chemical stability in an alkaline environment. Therefore, an intermediate range of addition of PAMAM (50 ppm) is optimal to (1) avoid excessive voids formation, (2) promote some Cu cluster formation and thus enhance the Zr-based coating formation, and (3) incorporate organic components into the coating to improve the adhesion of the subsequent coatings. Overall, this work furthers our knowledge on the formation mechanism of an effective and environmentally friendly hybrid conversion coating for corrosion inhibition, demonstrating a critical processing–structure–property relationship. This study will benefit future development of green and effective surface treatment technology.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Atomic Ratio Evolution Along the Depth Direction And Chemica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the Formation Mechanism of a Hybrid Zr-Based Chemical Conversion Coating with Organic and Copper Compounds for Corrosion Inhibition

Liu

Vonk

Kisslinger

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Both the pre-edge positions and the prominent postedge peaks of the samples are similar to Cu 2 O and Cu foil, indicating the presence of Cu 2 O and metallic Cu. The first peak in the derivative of Cu 2 O XANES spectra as shown in Figure E is at 8983 eV, corresponding to an electronic transition from 1s to 4p concurrent with ligand to metal charge transfer character, , while the first peaks of samples slightly shift to lower energy. However, from XANES data, we cannot determine the presence of CuO and CuF 2 ; XPS was thus used to study the composition of the Cu compounds.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…39 Furthermore, from Figure S8, samples prepared at 32 °C for different surface treatment times from 30 to 60, 120, and to 240 s shared the same edge position with ZrO 2 standard and similar XANES spectra shapes. 5E is at 8983 eV, corresponding to an electronic transition from 1s to 4p concurrent with ligand to metal charge transfer character, 40,41 while the first peaks of samples slightly shift to lower energy. However, from XANES data, we cannot determine the presence of CuO and CuF 2 ; XPS was thus used to study the composition of the Cu compounds.…”

Section: Surface Morphology and Elemental Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally Friendly Zr-Based Conversion Nanocoatings for Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Surfaces Evaluated by Multimodal X-ray Analysis

Liu

Vonk

Jiang

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Chemical conversion coating as an effective corrosion inhibition has wide range of applications in industries and is of great expectation to be environmentally friendly and costeffective. Zirconium-based (Zr-based) conversion coating using hexafluorozirconic acid with copper (Cu) additive on low carbon steel which improves anticorrosion and adhesion properties was studied using synchrotron X-ray and electron-based techniques. To understand the elemental evolution during coating formation process, in situ synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy has been applied to observe Zr, Cu, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentration evolution. By quantifying the density, average size, and size distribution of the cluster as a function of time and temperature, the growth mechanism of the coating can be concluded as a reaction-controlled mechanism. X-ray absorption near edge structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the composition of the Cu-rich clusters embedded in the coating which was determined to be mainly Cu 2 O, Cu, and CuF 2 ; the cluster composition varies from the surface to the internal region as determined by the depth-profiling of XPS. Our study shed light on the chemical and morphological evolution in environmentally friendly surface conversation coating and demonstrated new methodology in studying the coating formation via in situ synchrotron XRF.

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“…These mirrors were used for ornamental purposes, particularly in royal palaces and temples. Previous studies [2][3][4][5][6] have revealed that Kriab mirrors were made of colored glasses with a reflective coating of lead-based alloys and that they had a glass thickness of 0.3-0.7 mm and a thin coating layer of less than 0.05 mm. However, the process of manufacturing these mirrors remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Alternative Kriab-Mirror Tesserae for Restoration of 18th to 19th-Century Mosaics (Thailand)

et al. 2023

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Kriab-mirror tesserae are a type of lead-coated mosaic mirror found in most archaeological sites and antiquities dating back to the 18th century in central Thailand. The need for restoration work has prompted the search for alternative mirrors with similar characteristics to the ancient ones. Prototypes of alternative lead-coated mirrors were successfully used to restore a variety of archaeological sites and artifacts, demonstrating their potential application in heritage conservation and restoration work. We investigated the selected ancient Kriab samples in terms of their composition in both glass and reflective coating layers, as well as the chemical and mechanical characterization of the selected alternative Kriab mirrors. We employed a standard lab-shear test, which proved difficult to evaluate due to failure not occurring between the glass-to-metal interfaces. However, a modified lab-shear specimen setup was used to elucidate the peel-off bonding behavior of the lead-to-glass interface. Additionally, we measured the L*, a*, and b* values in the CIE-Lab standard, which exhibited variations for each colored Kriab mirror. The %reflectance of the selected ancient and alternative Kriab mirrors was highly similar when lower than a high %reflectance of a standard silvering mirror. Thai professional conservators have embraced the use of alternative Kriab mirrors in restoration projects as a replacement for old Kriab mirrors, as they are more compatible in terms of color and avoid the excessive brightness of silvered colored mirrors. However, the weathering durability of the alternative mirrors was poor due to the leaching of alkaline and lead ions caused by hydrolytic attack on the poor chemical stability separated phase. Overall, our research provides valuable insights into the properties and qualities of both ancient and alternative Kriab mirrors, which will be useful in the further development of mirrors with more resembling properties or even more environmentally friendly Kriab mirrors and their potential applications in restoration work in Thailand and archaeological sites in Asia.

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X-ray and optical spectroscopic study of the coloration of red glass used in 19th century decorative mosaics at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Unraveling the Formation Mechanism of a Hybrid Zr-Based Chemical Conversion Coating with Organic and Copper Compounds for Corrosion Inhibition

Unraveling the Formation Mechanism of a Hybrid Zr-Based Chemical Conversion Coating with Organic and Copper Compounds for Corrosion Inhibition

Environmentally Friendly Zr-Based Conversion Nanocoatings for Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Surfaces Evaluated by Multimodal X-ray Analysis

Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Alternative Kriab-Mirror Tesserae for Restoration of 18th to 19th-Century Mosaics (Thailand)

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