X-ray computed tomography for non-invasive dendrochronology reveals a concealed double panelling on a painting from Rubens’ studio

Abstract

Dating the wood from historical art objects is a crucial step to ascertain their production time, and support or refute attribution to an artist or a workshop. Dendrochronology is commonly used for this purpose but requires access to the tree-ring pattern in the wood, which can be hindered by preparatory layers, polychromy, wax, or integrated frames. Here we implemented non-invasive dendrochronology based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) to examine a painting on panel attributed to Rubens’ studio and its presumed dating around 1636 CE. The CT images achieved a resolution of 37.3 micron and revealed a double panelling, which was concealed by oak strips covering all four edges. The back (visible) board is made of deciduous oak (Quercus subg. Quercus), the most common type of wood used in 17th-century Netherlandish workshops, and was dated terminus post quem after 1557 CE. However, the front (original) board used for the painting has been identified through examination of the wood anatomy as a tropical wood, probably Swietenia sp., a species seldom used in Netherlandish paintings, and remains undated. Its very presence attests the global character of 17th-century trade, and demonstrates the use of exotic species in Flemish studios. The date of the oak board refutes previous results and suggests that this board was trimmed to meet the size of the tropical one, having been glued to it for conservation purposes or with deceiving intentions to pretend that the painting was made on an oak panel. These revelations have opened new lines of art historical inquiry and highlight the potential of X-ray CT as a powerful tool for non-invasive study of historical art objects to retrieve their full history.

Les bois archéologiques de l’Égypte romaine : entre essences locales et importées. Potentiel dendrochronologique pour une lecture climatique…

“…Une approche d'imagerie par tomographie a été adoptée pour une petite partie de la collection des étiquettes de momie (38 individus) de la BNU à l'Institut Charles Sadron de Strasbourg (figure 4). L'objectif était d'obtenir une vision interne du bois suffisamment nette et précise pour permettre de réaliser des mesures de largeur de cernes à partir des imageries par Rayon X et d'envisager selon les résolutions d'identifier l'anatomie du bois (Grabner et al, 2009 ;Dominguez-Delmás et. al., 2021).…”

Dendroarchaeology in Europe

“…5 cm segments) which are taken from the cross section of the panels (Myhr et al, 2007). Even more modern technologies using an industrial CT scanner or X-ray technology allow the analysis of tree rings noninvasively (van den Bulcke et al, 2014;Stelzner and Million, 2015;Daly and Streeton, 2017;Domínguez-Delmás et al, 2021a). Dendrochronological analyses on furniture are less common but similarly important as they highlight woodworking and stylistic changes in the society (Pickvance, 2012(Pickvance, , 2015Klein et al, 2014;Allen, 2015;Domínguez-Delmás et al, 2021b).…”

The potential of X-ray computed tomography for xylological and dendrochronological analyses of Egyptian mummy labels

“…Dendrochronological analyses are sometimes performed on wooden objects from museum collections [ 1 ]: these may include architectural wood (e.g., boats, construction wood) [ 2 , 3 ], domestic objects [ 4 , 5 ] or pieces of art [ 6 , 7 ]. Analyses on objects conserved in museums are performed on woods from the Neolithic to the Common Era.…”

“…They necessarily have to rely, however, whenever possible, on non-destructive approaches [ 1 ] such as high-resolution digital photography, hyper-spectral imaging, fast ion beam analysis [ 8 ] or X-ray computed tomography (XRCT). The latter allows visualization of the internal structure of wood without affecting its integrity [ 4 , 7 , 9 – 11 ]. It allows an internal view of the anatomy of the species used, but also provides archaeological (i.e.…”