X-Ray Constraints on the Hot Gaseous Corona of Edge-on Late-type Galaxies in Virgo

Hou, Meicun; He, Lin; Hu, Zhensong; Li, Zhiyuan; Jones, Christine; Forman, William; Su, Yuanyuan; Wang, Jing; Ho, Luis C.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad138a

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…reported that a total of 39 nuclear X-ray sources are present among the 75 LTGs in Virgo with a typical detection limit of ∼3 × 10 38 erg s −1 and a completeness limit of ∼10 39 erg s −1 in the 0.3-10 keV band, but without quoting the exact host galaxies. As a byproduct of our recent study of diffuse hot gas in these LTGs (Hou et al 2024), we have independently detected 35 nuclear X-ray sources. Among them, 13 share the same host galaxy as the eRASS1 nuclear sources.…”

Section: Identification Of Nuclear X-ray Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An X-Ray Census of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters of Galaxies with SRG/eROSITA

Hou,

Hu,

2024

ApJL

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We present a uniform and sensitive X-ray census of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the two nearest galaxy clusters, Virgo and Fornax, utilizing the newly released X-ray source catalogs from the first all-sky scan of Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma/eROSITA. A total of 50 and 10 X-ray sources are found positionally coincident with the nuclei of member galaxies in Virgo and Fornax, respectively, down to a 0.2–2.3 keV luminosity of ∼1039 erg s−1 and reaching out to a projected distance well beyond the virial radius of both clusters. The majority of the nuclear X-ray sources are newly identified. There is weak evidence that the nuclear X-ray sources are preferentially found in late-type hosts. Several hosts are dwarf galaxies with a stellar mass below ∼109 M ⊙. We find that contamination by nonnuclear X-ray emission can be neglected in most cases, indicating the dominance of a genuine AGN. In the meantime, no nuclear X-ray source exhibits a luminosity higher than a few times 1041 erg s−1, which might be owing to a steep intrinsic luminosity function. The X-ray AGN occupation rate is only ∼3% in both clusters, apparently much lower than that in field galaxies inferred from previous X-ray studies. Both aspects suggest that the cluster environment effectively suppresses AGN activity. The findings of this census have important implications for the interplay between galaxies and their central massive black holes in cluster environments.

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Section: Identification Of Nuclear X-ray Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An X-Ray Census of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters of Galaxies with SRG/eROSITA

Hou,

Hu,

2024

ApJL

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“…This sample spans a substantial range in galaxy morphology, including early-type spirals (i.e., with a substantial bulge), disk-dominated spirals, and irregular galaxies. A recent work of Hou et al (2024a) selected among these 75 LTGs a subsample of 21 nearly edge-on disk galaxies to study the putative diffuse hot-gas corona under the influence of the ICM. Since the focus of the present work is to probe an extraplanar population of discrete X-ray sources, we adopt nearly the same edge-on LTGs as in Hou et al (2024a), with the exception of two galaxies, NGC 4302 and NGC 4343.…”

Section: Sample Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent work of Hou et al (2024a) selected among these 75 LTGs a subsample of 21 nearly edge-on disk galaxies to study the putative diffuse hot-gas corona under the influence of the ICM. Since the focus of the present work is to probe an extraplanar population of discrete X-ray sources, we adopt nearly the same edge-on LTGs as in Hou et al (2024a), with the exception of two galaxies, NGC 4302 and NGC 4343. NGC 4302 is too close to its neighbor galaxy NGC 4298, which makes it difficult to separate the X-ray sources belonging to the individual galaxies.…”

Section: Sample Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we focus on 19 Virgo edge-on LTGs in this work (Table 1). A visualization of the optical morphology of these galaxies, as well as their relative positions in the Virgo cluster, can be found in Hou et al (2024a). We adopt a uniform distance of 16.5 Mpc (Mei et al 2007) for all of them.…”

Section: Sample Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To facilitate a direct comparison of the X-ray source distribution between the cluster and field environments, we built a comparison sample of nearly edge-on LTGs in the field. This field sample is again similar to the one used in Hou et al (2024a). Beginning from the highly inclined disk galaxy sample studied by Li & Wang (2013), we filtered galaxies with the following criteria: (i) an inclination angle larger than 75°, to be consistent with the Virgo sample; (ii) a distance larger than 9 Mpc but smaller than 30 Mpc, ensuring both good coverage of the galactic disk/halo by Chandra/ACIS and a good sensitivity for source detection; and (iii) no large galaxy in the projected neighborhood.…”

Section: Sample Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncovering an Excess of X-Ray Point Sources in the Halos of Virgo Late-type Galaxies

Hu,

Hou,

2024

ApJ

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We present a systematic search for extraplanar X-ray point sources around 19 late-type, highly inclined disk galaxies residing in the Virgo cluster, based on archival Chandra observations reaching a source detection sensitivity of L(0.5–8 keV) ∼ 1038 erg s−1. Based on the cumulative source surface density distribution as a function of projected vertical distance from the disk midplane, we identify a statistically significant (∼3.3σ) excess of ∼20 X-ray sources within a projected vertical off-disk distance of 0 .′ 92 – 2 .′ 5 (∼4.4–12 kpc), the presence of which cannot be explained by the bulk stellar content of the individual galaxies, nor by the cosmic X-ray background. On the other hand, there is no significant evidence for an excess of extraplanar X-ray sources in a comparison sample of field late-type edge-on galaxies, for which Chandra observations reaching a similar source detection sensitivity are available. We discuss the possible origins for the observed excess, including low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) associated with globular clusters, supernova-kicked LMXBs, and high-mass X-ray binaries born in recent star formation induced by ram pressure stripping of the disk gas, as well as a class of intracluster X-ray sources previously identified around early-type member galaxies of Virgo. We find that none of these X-ray populations can naturally dominate the observed extraplanar excess, although supernova-kicked LMXBs and the effect of ram pressure are most likely relevant.

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The hot circumgalactic media of massive cluster satellites in the TNG-Cluster simulation: Existence and detectability

Rohr,

Pillepich,

Nelson

et al. 2024

A&A

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The most massive galaxy clusters in the Universe host tens to hundreds of massive satellite galaxies $ but it is unclear if these satellites are able to retain their own gaseous atmospheres. We analyze the evolution of $ satellites of stellar mass $ around 352 galaxy clusters of mass $ at $z=0$ from the new TNG-Cluster suite of cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical galaxy cluster simulations. The number of massive satellites per host increases with host mass, and the mass--richness relation broadly agrees with observations. A halo of mass $ hosts $ satellites today. Only a minority of satellites retain some gas, hot or cold, and this fraction increases with stellar mass. lower-mass satellites $ are more likely to retain part of their cold interstellar medium, consistent with ram pressure preferentially removing hot extended gas first. At higher stellar masses $ the fraction of gas-rich satellites increases to unity, and nearly all satellites retain a sizeable portion of their hot, spatially extended circumgalactic medium (CGM), despite the ejective activity of their supermassive black holes. According to TNG-Cluster, the CGM of these gaseous satellites can be seen in soft X-ray emission (0.5-2.0 keV) that is,$ times brighter than the local background. This X-ray surface brightness excess around satellites extends to $ kpc, and is strongest for galaxies with higher stellar masses and larger host-centric distances. Approximately $10$ percent of the soft X-ray emission in cluster outskirts $ originates from satellites. The CGM of member galaxies reflects the dynamics of cluster-satellite interactions and contributes to the observationally inferred properties of the intracluster medium.

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X-Ray Constraints on the Hot Gaseous Corona of Edge-on Late-type Galaxies in Virgo

Cited by 4 publications

References 92 publications

An X-Ray Census of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters of Galaxies with SRG/eROSITA

An X-Ray Census of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters of Galaxies with SRG/eROSITA

Uncovering an Excess of X-Ray Point Sources in the Halos of Virgo Late-type Galaxies

The hot circumgalactic media of massive cluster satellites in the TNG-Cluster simulation: Existence and detectability

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