X-ray diffraction and biodegradation analysis of green composites of natural rubber/nanocellulose

Abraham, Eldho; Elbi, P.A.; Deepa, B.; Jyotishkumar, P.; Pothen, Laly A.; Narine, Suresh S.; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.028

Cited by 149 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A second event is verified around 300 o C, it is observed as a peak between 200 o C and 400 o C in DTG plots and it is associated with pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose and corresponds to 90% of weight loss. The third event is due to degradation of residual lignin taking place around 700 o C. From TG and DTG plots is verified that the acid hydrolysis did not change the thermal stability of cotton linter [29][30][31][32][33] . TG plots of PCL presented decomposition in one stage starting around 260 o C, this decomposition is visualized in DTG plots as a peak with maximum height at 405 o C. The residual content at the end of thermal analysis was 2%.…”

Section: Thermogravimetry (Tg) Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Processing and Properties of PCL/Cotton Linter Compounds

et al. 2017

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Biodegradable compounds of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/ cotton linter were melting mixed with filling content ranging from 1% to 5% w/w. Cotton linter is an important byproduct of textile industry; in this work it was used in raw state and after acid hydrolysis. According to the results of torque rheometry no decaying of viscosity took place during compounding, evidencing absence of breaking down in molecular weight. The thermal stability increased by 20% as observed in HDT for PCL/cotton nanolinter compounds. Adding cotton linter to PCL didn't change its crystalline character as showed by XRD; however an increase in degree of crystallinity was observed by means of DSC. From mechanical tests in tension was observed an increase in ductility of PCL, and from mechanical tests in flexion an increase in elastic modulus upon addition of cotton linter, whereas impact strength presented lower values for PCL/cotton linter and PCL/cotton nanolinter compounds. SEM images showed that PCL presents plastic fracture and cotton linter has an interlacing fibril structure with high L/D ratio, which are in agreement with matrix/fibril morphology observed for PCL/cotton linter compounds. PCL/cotton linter compounds made in this work cost less than neat PCL matrix and presented improved properties making feasible its commercial use.

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Section: Thermogravimetry (Tg) Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Processing and Properties of PCL/Cotton Linter Compounds

et al. 2017

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“…The tensile strength and tear strength of butadiene rubber increase from 16.9 to 24.1 MPa, and from 43.5 to 65.3 MPa, respectively, with increasing NC content from 0 to 15 phr. Unlike other composite systems, the addition of NC also resulted in a positive impact on the elongation at break of butadiene composites . The increment in strength, modulus, and elongation‐at‐break were attributed to excellent interfacial bonding and uniform distribution, in accordance with increasing crosslinking density of composite system.…”

Section: Reinforcement Of Nc In Rubbery Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scanning electron microscopy images of the surface and cross section showed surface homogeneity and the absence of aggregates of NC. It can be interpreted that the formation of a seminetwork of NC and the presence of rigid and highly crystalline NC in the rubber phase positively affect the tensile strength of composites . The entangled network provides a higher stiffness compared to NC but resulted in increased brittleness of the composites .…”

Section: Reinforcement Of Nc In Rubbery Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this would be also result in significant loss in stiffness, yields strength, and thermal resistance. The NC at the interface links the natural rubber and polyester region, resulting in better adhesion(s) between composite components . This is due to the ability of NC to establish physical interactions with both of natural rubber functional groups, including the reactive end chain groups, such as C─O, OH, or epoxy groups, as well as the carboxylic groups in polyester sides .…”

Section: Reinforcement Of Nc In Rubbery Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocellulose reinforced as green agent in polymer matrix composites applications

Rashid

Julkapli

Yehye

2018

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Owing to their abundance, high strength and stiffness, and low weight and biodegradability, nanocellulose (NC) is regarded as a promising candidate for the preparation of green composites. The high reinforcing effect assigned to the mechanical percolation phenomenon of NC is due to the stiff continuous networks of cellulosic nanoparticles linked via hydrogen bonding. Compared to nanocrystalline cellulose, NC fibers result in more significant improvement to the modulus, stiffness, and strength as aspect ratio NC fiber is higher compared to NC crystal. Indeed, in the case of biopolymer composites, the reinforcement effect of NC is attributed to the NC‐polymer interactions and the reinforcing effect occurring through effective stress transfer at the NC‐polymer interface. The NC‐reinforced composites tend to become more brittle as the concentration of the reinforcing particles increase up to the saturated level, due to the reduction in surface adhesion between filler and matrix. Due to its promising mechanical and structural stability, NC composites have been used widely in many industrial applications such as food packaging, electronic applications, and tissue engineering.

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“…Natural rubber (NR), obtained from the rubber cream, is emerging as a renewable, low-cost and biocompatible polymer [21,22] due to its low allergenicity, being employed as transdermal drug delivery systems where the NR is the controlling layer membrane [23,24]. Latex membranes have been used to promote the activity of bone regeneration through the Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) model system by incorporating bone morphogenetic proteins on NR membranes acting as protein delivery system [25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%