X-Ray Diffraction Crystallography

Waseda, Yoshio; Matsubara, Eiichiro; Shinoda, Kōzō

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16635-8

Cited by 296 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The SMC and raw chitin were characterized by N 2 adsorption isotherms using BET and BJH methods (Quantachrome Instruments, New Win 2, USA) (Brunauer et al 1938;Barrett et al 1951), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) (Shimadzu, Prestige 21210045, Japan) (Silverstein et al 2007), X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku, Miniflex 300, Japan) (Waseda et al 2011) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Jeol, JSM-6610LV, Japan) (Goldstein et al 2003). The particle diameters of SMC and raw chitin were determined using SEM images by the Image J software (NIH Image, USA) (analyze particle method) ).…”

Section: Obtention and Characterization Of Surface Modified Chitinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretations about methylene blue adsorption by surface modified chitin using the statistical physics treatment

et al. 2015

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In this work, the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on surface modified chitin (SMC) was studied at molecular level using the statistical physics theory. SMC adsorbent was prepared, characterized and applied for MB adsorption. Equilibrium curves were obtained at different temperatures (298, 308, 318 and 328 K) and interpreted by the statistical physics formulism. The parameters, such as, 'n' (number of adsorbed molecule(s) per site), 'N m ' (receptor site density) and 'c 1/2 ' (concentration at half saturation) were estimated and interpreted in detail. At finally, an interaction mechanism was proposed. The results revealed that the MB adsorption on SMC can be successfully represented by the statistical physics theory. The statistical physics parameters showed that the physicochemical interactions between MB and SMC are dependent of the temperature. At 298 K, the MB molecules were anchored by one or two receptor sites, in parallel to the SMC surface (probably hydroxyl and N-acetyl groups on the SMC surface). Otherwise, at 308, 318 and 328 K, the 'n' values higher than 1, indicated a perpendicular anchorage. List of symbolsARE Average relative error (%) BET Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method BJH Barrett, Joyner and Halenda method C 0 Initial dye concentration (mg/L) c Equilibrium dye concentration (mg/L) c 1/2 Concentration at half saturation (mg/L) FT-IR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy k B Boltzmann constant (J/K) MB Methylene blue M a Adsorbed quantity (mg/g) M M nN m (mg/g) m M a /N a N a Number of adsorbed molecules N i Receptor site occupation state N m Receptor site density (mg/g) n Number of adsorbed molecules per site n 0 Anchorage number R 2 Coefficient of determination, dimensionless SEM Scanning electron microscopy SMC Surface modified chitin T Temperature (K) UA Ultrasound-assisted V Volume of solution (L) X Adsorbent amount (g) XRD X-ray diffraction Z gcGrand canonical partition functionGreek symbols b 1/k B T eReceptor site adsorption energy (kJ/mol) l Chemical potential (kJ/mol) k max Maximum wavelength of MB

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Section: Obtention and Characterization Of Surface Modified Chitinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretations about methylene blue adsorption by surface modified chitin using the statistical physics treatment

et al. 2015

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“…Using the d value of the peaks (110) and (002), and the plane spacing equation, 17 we calculated the values of lattice parameters a and c, respectively (Figure 1). Tetragonal lattice parameters were converted to pseudo-cubic parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

Temperature Effects on the Photovoltaic Performance of Planar Structure Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2015

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Temperature effects of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite solar cells having simple planar architecture were investigated on the crystal structure and photovoltaic performance. The obvious changes in the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 crystal structure were found by varying the temperature as a consequence to the augmentation in lattice parameters and expansion of the unit cell. The expansion of the crystal gave a serious influence on the performance of the solar cells, where the differences in the coefficients of the thermal expansion (CTEs) together with the lattice mismatch between TiO 2 and perovskite materials might cause interfacial defects responsible for the deterioration in the photovoltaic performance. Interestingly, the hysteresis in the cubic phase is very small because of the less distorted angles of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 structure against the temperature fluctuation.Perovskite solar cells based on CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 have attracted enormous attention in the last few years 1 due to their rapid improvement and high certified efficiencies over 20%.2 The architectures of the devices have been categorized to mesoscopic structure or simple planar heterojunction, 3 and the devices exhibit large hysteresis in JV characteristics especially in the planar structure. 4 The solar cells present a big mismatch in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from forward (short circuit to open circuit) and reverse scan (open circuit to short circuit), and correct estimation of the PCE has been a controversial matter in recent past. 5 Several hypotheses have been proposed to be the origin of the hysteresis in planar architecture, such as ferroelectric proprieties of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , 6 ion migration inside perovskite layer, 7 chemical and structural changes in the materials, and interfacial contact between the layers.8 However, the mechanism responsible for the anomalous hysteresis remains unclear.Another possible factor of the hysteresis is the interfacial contact and lattice mismatch between compact TiO 2 and perovskite layer.9 This interface may cause the temporal delay of the JV characteristics due to rearrangement of the interface under external bias and illumination. In fact, large decrease of hysteresis has been shown by modification of the compact TiO 2 layer using fullerene derivatives (C 60 , 60-PCBM).10 In this case, there is no lattice mismatch as the inorganic interface of the crystalline. Petrozza et al.10b also showed that allowing the TiO 2 interface to rearrange under voltage bias produces a similar injection rate to that of PCBM contact. One factor that affects the interfacial properties is ion accumulation, as shown by the large capacitance associated with electrode polarization.11 From theoretical calculations, it has been found that the migration of defects originated from the diffusion of iodide vacancies or high orientation of CH 3 NH 3 + is able to modify the interface. 12 In addition, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 undergoes several crystal phase transitions when the temperature of the solar cell is changed. 13 Recently, several devices...

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“…Structural identification was performed by the Bruker D8 Focus X-ray diffraction (XRD, Ettlingen, Germany) using the Cu K α radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm), in which the Jade software was used to fit the diffraction peaks [25]. The microstructure morphology and phase verification were carried on with the Philips Tecnai G 2 transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) with the selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis, where the TEM samples were prepared by twin-jet electro-polishing in a solution of 12% HClO 4 + 88% C 2 H 5 OH (volume fraction) at 243 K. Tensile tests were performed at room temperature with a strain rate of 3.5 × 10 −4 s −1 by using a MTS-810 tensile testing machine (MTS, Cary, NC, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Low-Sn Zr Cladding Alloys with Excellent Autoclave Corrosion Resistance and High Strength

Zhang

Jiang

Pang

et al. 2017

Metals

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Abstract:It is expected that low-Sn Zr alloys are a good candidate to improve the corrosion resistance of Zr cladding alloys in nuclear reactors, presenting excellent corrosion resistance and high strength. The present work developed a new alloy series of Zr-0.25Sn-0.36Fe-0.11Cr-xNb (x = 0.4~1.2 wt %) to investigate the effect of Nb on autoclave corrosion resistance. Alloy ingots were prepared by non-consumable arc-melting, solid-solutioned, and then rolled into thin plates with a thickness of 0.7 mm. It was found that the designed low-Sn Zr alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistances in three out of pile autoclave environments (distilled water at 633 K/18.6 MPa, 70 ppm LiOH solution at 633 K/18.6 MPa, and superheated water steam at 673 K/10.3 MPa), as demonstrated by the fact of the Zr-0.25Sn-0.36Fe-0.11Cr-0.6Nb alloy shows a corrosion weight gain ∆G = 46.3 mg/dm 2 and a tensile strength of σ UTS = 461 MPa following 100 days of exposure in water steam. The strength of the low-Sn Zr alloy with a higher Nb content (x = 1.2 wt %) is enhanced up to 499 MPa, comparable to that of the reference high-Sn N36 alloy (Zr-1.0Sn-1.0Nb-0.25Fe, wt %). Although the strength improvement is at a slight expense of corrosion resistance with the increase of Nb, the corrosion resistance of the high-Nb alloy with x = 1.2 (∆G = 90.4 mg/dm 2 for 100-day exposure in the water steam) is still better than that of N36 (∆G = 103.4 mg/dm 2 ).

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X-Ray Diffraction Crystallography

Cited by 296 publications

References 12 publications

Interpretations about methylene blue adsorption by surface modified chitin using the statistical physics treatment

Interpretations about methylene blue adsorption by surface modified chitin using the statistical physics treatment

Temperature Effects on the Photovoltaic Performance of Planar Structure Perovskite Solar Cells

New Low-Sn Zr Cladding Alloys with Excellent Autoclave Corrosion Resistance and High Strength

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