X-ray focusing test and x-ray imaging test by a microcapillary x-ray lens at an undulator beamline

Abstract

A first focusing test of the undulator radiation at SPring-8 has been done using two types of x-ray refractive lenses in thin glass capillaries. One (lens No. 1) contained bubbles in a glue whereas the other (lens No. 2) contained bubbles in glycerol. The capillaries had inner diameters of 0.2 and 0.8 mm, respectively. Using x rays of 17–18 keV, the undulator source image was investigated at the focal plane. The spherical aberrations and the field distortions were carefully examined by taking the images of a gold mesh. Lens No. 1 had an advantage of high transmissivity in the hard x-ray region (18% at 18 keV) and high tolerance to severe radiation damage, e.g., ∼5×1012 photons/s/0.03 mm2 of the 18 keV x rays for an exposure time of 1 h. On the other hand, lens No. 2 had an advantage of a large aperture, 0.8 mm, and a small field distortion, e.g., less than 10% inside a diameter of 300 μm.

Diffractive and refractive X-ray optics for microanalysis applications

“…10 keV have to be used to avoid extreme absorption losses. First versions of refractive X-ray lenses were obtained by simply drilling holes into materials like aluminium or beryllium [12], other approaches used bubbles enclosed in liquids or polymers [13]. However, in both cases the ideal parabolic shape is approximated with a spherical shape, which inevitably leads to strong aberrations.…”

X-ray imaging of an X-pinch plasma with a bubble compound refractive lens

“…Compound refractive lenses [1][2][3][4] (CRLs) can be a valuable tool for imaging of x-ray sources, providing submicron resolution images over fields of view of several millimeters. However, their application for high temperature plasma diagnostics is practically unknown.…”

Hard X-ray Microscopy with Elemental, Chemical and Structural Contrast

“…It was only a decade ago that their feasibility was demonstrated [70]. Since then, there has been a dynamic development, and refractive optics with many different designs were made [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]. The main idea followed by all the schemes is to use many refracting surfaces, i.e., focusing the beam by stacking a large number of individual lenses behind each other to form a compound lens.…”