X-ray measurements of bubble hold-up in fluidized beds with and without vertical internals

On the hydrodynamics of membrane assisted fluidized bed reactors using X-ray analysis

“…Using the workstation it was possible to trigger the X-ray source and read out the signals from the detector plate. Further details on the setup and the measurement technique can be found in [15,16,18]. Each result reported in the present study is an average of 2100 frames (at 35 Hz) of one minute of continuous recording from one source and one detector plate.…”

“…Each result reported in the present study is an average of 2100 frames (at 35 Hz) of one minute of continuous recording from one source and one detector plate. The sampling time of one minute allows to obtain sufficient data for statistics with a minimum error from the mean [15].…”

“…Recently, a detailed study was devoted on the effect of vertically immersed internals on the performance of a lab-scale and a pilot-scale fluidized bed heat exchanger in a real 3D reactor geometry utilizing an ultra-fast X-ray tomography technique [15][16][17]. It was generally found that the immersion of internals results in a lower average bubble size along the fluidized bed.…”

X-ray measurements on the influence of optical probes on gas–solid fluidized beds

“…The packed bed height of the bubbling fluidized bed reactor is 51 cm and it has an inner diameter of 14 cm. The complete reactor is made of acrylic glass, a description of the setup and measurement technique was already provided in Maurer et al (2015).…”

Methanation for Synthetic Natural Gas Production – Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects

“…Very recent studies in cold flow models applying X-ray tomography and subsequent image reconstruction elucidate that the bubbles between the vertical tubes are not spherical but significantly elongated and seem to grow by vertical coalescence as the radial movement is limited [190]; see Figure 4.26. Further, it was observed that fast, small bubbles and slow, big bubbles coexist at all heights, although the number based averages follow the classic assumption that the bubbles grow and rise faster with increasing height.…”