Ab initio multireference second-order perturbation theory computations are used to explore the photochemical behavior of two ion pairs constituted by a chloride counterion interacting with either a rhodopsin or bacteriorhodopsin chromophore model (i.e., the 4-cis-␥-methylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraeniminium and all-trans-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraeniminium cations, respectively). Significant counterion effects on the structure of the photoisomerization paths are unveiled by comparison with the paths of the same chromophores in vacuo. Indeed, we demonstrate that the counterion (i) modulates the relative stability of the S0, S1, and S2 energy surfaces leading to an S1 isomerization energy profile where the S1 and S2 states are substantially degenerate; (ii) leads to the emergence of significant S 1 energy barriers along all of the isomerization paths except the one mimicking the 11-cis 3 all-trans isomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore model; and (iii) changes the nature of the S1 3 S0 decay funnel that becomes a stable excited state minimum when the isomerizing double bond is located at the center of the chromophore moiety. We show that these (apparently very different) counterion effects can be rationalized on the basis of a simple qualitative electrostatic model, which also provides a crude basis for understanding the behavior of retinal protonated Schiff bases in solution.ab initio ͉ counterion ͉ conical intersection ͉ protonated Schiff base R etinal proteins (1-4) include the retina visual pigment rhodopsin (Rh) and the bacterial proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR). The biological activity of these pigments is triggered by the ultrafast light-induced cis-trans isomerization of their chromophores. These correspond to the 11-cis (PSB11) and all-trans (PSBT) stereoisomers of the protonated Schiff base (PSB) of retinal respectively. Recently, we have reported (5-7) the computed photoisomerization path of different models of PSB11 and PSBT in vacuo. It has been shown that, invariably, the excited state branch of the path develops entirely along a charge transfer state (that can be related to the 1B u , i.e., hole pair, state of polyenes) that corresponds to the first singlet excited state (S 1 ) of the system and ends at a peaked conical intersection (CI) where the S 1 and ground (S 0 ) state energy surfaces cross. Because the CI features an Ϸ90°t wisted double bond, its geometrical and electronic structure is consistent with that of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state (5-7). The corresponding S 1 isomerization coordinate, starting at a planar Franck-Condon (FC) point, is bimodal being sequentially dominated by two uncoupled modes. The first corresponds to a stretching mode involving C-C bonds order inversion. The second mode breaks the planar symmetry and is dominated by a one-bond-flip (OBF) (8, 9) twisting of the reacting double bond.In Fig. 1, we report the computed energy profiles and give a pictorial view of the structure of the S 1 energy surface of the PSB11 model 4-cis-␥-methylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenimin...