X-ray timing and spectral variability properties of blazars S5 0716 + 714, OJ 287, Mrk 501, and RBS 2070

Mohorian, Maksym; Bhatta, Gopal; Adhikari, T. P.; Dhital, N.; Pánis, Radim; Dinesh, Adithiya; Chaudhary, Suvas C.; Bachchan, R. K.; Stuchlík, Zdeněk

doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3738

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…BL Lac is studied by Giebels and Degrange (2009) [19] using the RXTE-PCA observations, and it is the first blazar in which lognormal X-ray variability is detected, and a linear correlation between the excess rms and the average flux was also found. The flux distribution of blazar S5 0716+714 in X-ray with XMM-Newton observations was studied on a short-term timescale by Kushwaha and Pal (2020) [25] and Mohorian et al (2022) [38]. 3C 273 is studied in X-ray using 16 years of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) archival data by Khatoon et al 2020 [39].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Intra-Day Flux Distributions of Blazars Using XMM-Newton Satellite

Wani

Gaur

2022

Universe

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We present a study of the flux distribution of a sample of 15 Intermediate and Low-energy peaked blazars using XMM-Newton observations in a total of 57 epochs on short-term timescales. We characterise the X-ray variability of all of the light curves using excess fractional variability amplitude and found that only 24 light curves in 7 sources are significantly variable. In order to characterise the origin of X-ray variability in these blazars, we fit the flux distributions of all these light curves using Gaussian and lognormal distributions, as any non-Gaussian perturbation could indicate the imprints of fluctuations in the accretion disc, which could be Doppler boosted through the relativistic jets in blazars. However, intra-day variability, as seen in our observations, is difficult to reconcile using disc components as the emissions in such sources are mostly dominated by jets. We used Anderson–Darling (AD) and χ2 tests to fit the histograms. In 11 observations of 4 blazars, namely, ON 231, 3C 273, PKS 0235+164 and PKS 0521-365, both models equally fit the flux distributions. In the rest of the observations, we are unable to model them with any distribution. In two sources, namely, BL Lacertae and S4 0954+650, the lognormal distribution is preferred over the normal distribution, which could arise from non-Gaussian perturbations from relativistic jets or linear Gaussian perturbation in the particle time scale leading to such flux distributions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Intra-Day Flux Distributions of Blazars Using XMM-Newton Satellite

Wani

Gaur

2022

Universe

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“…In this paradigm, low-luminosity AGNs were identified to be scaled-up hard-state BHBs with a prominent jet component and a radiatively inefficient accretion flow (e.g., Merloni et al 2003;Falcke et al 2004;Fernández-Ontiveros & Muñoz-Darias 2021); AGNs with moderate and high accretion rates were connected to BHBs in the soft states and soft-intermediate states (e.g., Maccarone et al 2003;Sobolewska et al 2009;Arcodia et al 2020); radiatively efficient radio-loud quasars were associated with hard-intermediate state BHBs (e.g., Körding et al 2006;Marecki & Swoboda 2011;Svoboda et al 2017;Moravec et al 2022). In recent years, a large number of studies have been carried out on the behavior of X-ray spectral variability of blazars (e.g., Wang et al 2018;Zhu et al 2018;Kushwaha & Pal 2020;Giommi et al 2021;Zhang et al 2021;Mohorian et al 2022;Pavana Gowtami et al 2022), but there is a lack of reports on the existence of state transition behavior in blazars similar to that of BHBs. We note that this is partly attributable to the fact that most of the works are focused on the behavior of the X-ray spectra variation in the short timescale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Special State Transition in the Blazar OT 081: Implication for the Unified State Transition Paradigm of Different-scale Black Hole Systems

Ding

Tang

et al. 2023

ApJ

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Exploring the similar behavior of black hole systems with different scales will provide insight into the unified physical laws of black hole systems. Here, we report a special spectral state transition process in blazar OT 081, which is driven by a supermassive black hole. Based on the X-ray flux versus photon index distribution, stacked average X-ray spectra, L 2500Å − α ox parameters, and broadband spectral energy distributions, we conducted a pilot study on the spectral state transition for this blazar system. The analysis results suggest that the source transitions through a steady-state point from a strong corona, weak jet unsteady state to a weak corona, strong jet unsteady state. This state transition behavior is similar to that observed in the much smaller Galactic black hole binary systems, providing further observational evidence for the possible existence of a unified state transition paradigm for black hole systems with different scales.

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“…Along with the explanation given in Section 2.1, this is the reason why only data from the pn instrument have been used. For the same reasons, other authors, like Gaur et al (2010), Bhagwan et al (2014), Mohorian et al (2021), andPavana Gowtami et al (2022), have also only used pn data.…”

Section: Data Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Intraday Variability of the TeV Blazar Markarian 421 with XMM-Newton

Noel

Gaur

Gupta

et al. 2022

ApJS

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Highly variable Markarian 421 is a bright high–synchrotron energy peaked blazar showing a wide featureless nonthermal spectrum, making it a good candidate for our study of intraday flux and spectral variations over time. We analyze its X-ray observations over 17 yr, taken with the EPIC-pn instrument, to probe into the intraday variability properties, focusing on the photon energy band of 0.3–10.0 keV, and its soft (0.3–2.0 keV) and hard (2.0–10.0 keV) subbands. To examine the flux variability, fractional variability amplitudes and minimum variability timescales have been calculated. We also probed into the spectral variability by studying the hardness ratio for each observation, the correlation between the two energy bands, using the discrete correlation function, and inspecting the normalized light curves. The parameters obtained from these methods were studied for any correlations or nonrandom trends. From this work, we speculate on the constraints on the possible particle acceleration and emission processes in the jet, for a better understanding of the processes involving turbulent behavior, except for shocks. A positive discrete correlation function between the two subbands indicates the role of the same electron population in the emission of photons in the two bands. A correlation between the parameter of flux variability and the parameters of spectral variation and lags in the subenergy bands provides the constraints to be considered for any modeling of emission processes.

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X-ray timing and spectral variability properties of blazars S5 0716 + 714, OJ 287, Mrk 501, and RBS 2070

Cited by 12 publications

References 67 publications

Study of Intra-Day Flux Distributions of Blazars Using XMM-Newton Satellite

Study of Intra-Day Flux Distributions of Blazars Using XMM-Newton Satellite

A Special State Transition in the Blazar OT 081: Implication for the Unified State Transition Paradigm of Different-scale Black Hole Systems

X-Ray Intraday Variability of the TeV Blazar Markarian 421 with XMM-Newton

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