Xanthomonas Species Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato in the Russian Federation

Abstract

Bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Group A), X. vesicatoria (Group B), X. perforans (group C) and X. gardneri (Group D) (Jones et al., 2004), formerly known as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, has become very important in the Russian Federation. Leaf spots and wilt symptoms were observed in 2006 in tomato fields located in southern European part of Russia. Field symptoms were first observed in early July of 2006 and had spread to over 30% of the plants in some fields by late August. Yellow-pigmented Xanthornonas-like bacteria were isolated from plants using yeast extract-CaCO3 agar. Forty-three original strains were cloned and characterized based on morphologic and biochemical properties, by genetic analysis including rep-PCR, AP-PCR and gene sequencing. Reference strains included XV153 (group A), NCPPB 422 1 (Group B), XV 938 (Group C), XV GA2, XV444 (Group D), and 15 strains stored since 1947. Phenotypic and genetic properties of newly isolated and archived Russian strains were similar. Twent y-three strains that were not amylolytic or pectolytic and failed to utilize cis-aconitic acid were identified as X. gardneri and 18 strains that were strongly amylolytic and pectolytic were identified as X. vesicatoria; neither X. euvesicatoria nor X. perforans were found.

Harnessing Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Xanthomonads on Tomato and Pepper to Tackle New Problems of an Old Disease

“…Although no marked intraspecific variation was detected in Xp, Xv, and Xg, a recombinant lineage of Xeu was detected. In Russia, both Xg and Xv strains were recovered from infected tomatoes in 2006 (65). Interestingly, this study also identified strains from 1947-1949 as Xv and Xg, indicating the presence of Xg earlier than its first description in Yugoslavia in 1957.…”

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye

“…X. perforans is reported to be present in the USA, Mexico, Brazil, Thailand (Jones et al, 2004), some islands of the Indian Ocean (Hamza et al, 2010) and Tanzania (Mbega et al, 2012). X. gardneri was isolated in the USA (Kim et al, 2010;Ma et al, 2011), Costa Rica ), Canada, Brazil (Quezado-Duval et al, 2005, Russia (Kornev et al, 2009) and some islands of the Indian Ocean (Hamza et al, 2010).…”

“…The pest identity according to the new classification is, in most cases, -not stated/updated‖, since most of the reports date from before the new classification. According to the EPPO PQR database (EPPO, online), X. vesicatoria is widely distributed in all five continents (Ignatov et al, 2009;Kornev et al, 2009, Mbega et al, 2012. X. euvesicatoria is present in the USA (Ma et al, 2011), Tanzania (Mbega et al, 2012), some islands of the Indian Ocean (Hamza et al, 2010) and Serbia (Ignjatov et al, 2010;Gasić et al, 2011).…”

Xanthomonas perforans and X. gardneri associated with bacterial leaf spot on weeds in Brazilian tomato fields

“…Surveys on the occurrence of this bacterial complex in tomato have been made in different localities of Brazil and around the world (Quezado-Duval et al 2005;Kornev et al 2009;Myung et al 2009;Hamza et al 2010;Pereira et al 2011). However, there are still few reports concerning the role of weeds in the epidemiology of tomato bacterial spot.…”