“…[49] In the literature, the edge energy of the 1s excitation (K edge) is associated with the effective charge of the photo-induced element and can also be used to determine the oxidation state, with respect to the local symmetry, in complex materials, for example, proteins. There are no reported XANES measurements for similar systems at the Ru:K edge, however, there are a number of papers on Rubased oxides [50][51][52] as well as on Fe-based systems. [53,82] An energy shift per oxidation state of 1.47(12) eV can be found for Ru-based perovskites.…”