Xenodiagnosis

Schenone, H

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761999000700052

Cited by 51 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A micromethod test may be negative if the parasitemic level is too low in later stages. Xenodiagnosis is available only in research centers and has the added inconvenience of being a time-consuming technique with low sensitivity (326). Blood cultures also have a low sensitivity, and a negative result does not rule out infection (137).…”

Section: Diagnostic Methods (I) Parasitological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

et al. 2008

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SUMMARY In recent years, the increasing number of donors from different regions of the world is providing a new challenge for the management and selection of suitable donors. This is a worldwide problem in most countries with transplantation programs, especially due to the increase in immigration and international travel. This paper elaborates recommendations regarding the selection criteria for donors from foreign countries who could potentially transmit tropical or geographically restricted infections to solid-organ transplant recipients. For this purpose, an extensive review of the medical literature focusing on viral, fungal, and parasitic infections that could be transmitted during transplantation from donors who have lived or traveled in countries where these infections are endemic has been performed, with special emphasis on tropical and imported infections. The review also includes cases described in the literature as well as risks of transmission during transplantation, microbiological tests available, and recommendations for each infection. A table listing different infectious agents with their geographic distributions and specific recommendations is included.

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Section: Diagnostic Methods (I) Parasitological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

et al. 2008

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“…The xenodiagnosis was the most utilized indirect research method of T. cruzi, with high (93%) positivity, followed by the blood culture which showed lower (79%) positivity although high. It was not observed in all the reports uniformity on the indirect methods, although for the xenodiagnosis the Schenone 98 was the most used technique. The results however were positive or negative for most of the cases reported, showing that the analyses was conducted in a group of nymphs, making the examination of qualitative nature.…”

Section: Casesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Based on this study, for the total of individuals infected with HIV without AIDS 98 , it is estimated the existence of approximately 8,354 people with the co-infection in Brazil. Considering the cases of AIDS, the country should have an additional number of 7,708 co-infection cases, totaling 16,062 cases.…”

Section: Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-infection Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV: systematic review (1980 - 2010)

Almeida

Ramos

Correia

et al. 2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

114

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Introduction:The co-infection Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV has been described as a clinical event of great relevance. The objective of this study was to describe clinical and epidemiological aspects published in literature. Methods: It is a systematic review of a descriptive nature from the databases Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, Scopus, from 1980 to 2010. Results: There were 83 articles (2.8 articles/year) with a total of 291 cases. The co-infection was described in 1980 and this situation has become the defining AIDS clinical event in Brazil. This is the country with the highest number of publication (51.8%) followed by Argentina (27.7%). The majority of cases are amongst adult men (65.3%) native or from endemic regions with serological diagnosis in the chronic stage (97.9%) and indeterminate form (50.8%). Both diseases follow the normal course, but in 41% the reactivation of the Chagas disease occurs. The most severe form is the meningoencephalitis, with 100% of mortality without specific and early treatment of the T. cruzi. The medication of choice was the benznidazole on doses and duration normally used for the acute phase. The high parasitemia detected by direct or indirect quantitative methods indicated reactivation and its elevation is the most important predictive factor. The lower survival rate was related to the reactivation of the Chagas disease and the natural complications of both diseases. The role of the antiretroviral treatment on the co-infection cannot yet be defined by the knowledge currently existent. Conclusions: Despite the relevance of this clinical event there are still gaps to be filled.

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“…11 Parasitemia was assessed by xenodiagnosis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 12,13 Controls were defined by a negative T. cruzi EIA. All CD patients were examined by 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), and ECG strips were evaluated by an experienced cardiologist who was blinded to patient status.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mannose-Binding Lectin and Toll-Like Receptor Polymorphisms and Chagas Disease in Chile

Weitzel¹,

Zulantay²,

Hamann³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms may influence susceptibility and manifestation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In northern Chile, we examined 61 asymptomatic patients with chronic Chagas disease (CD), 64 patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), and 45 healthy individuals. Lowproducer MBL2*B genotypes were more common in CD patients (48%) than healthy individuals (31%; adjusted odds ratio ¼ 2.3, 95% confidence interval ¼ 1.01-5.4, P ¼ 0.047) but did not differ with manifestation. In contrast, the heterozygous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficiency genotype D299G/T399I occurred more frequently in asymptomatic (14.8%) than CCC patients (3.1%; P ¼ 0.02). TLR1-I602S, TLR2-R753Q, TLR6-S249P, and MAL/TIRAP-S180L did not associate with CD or CCC. These findings support the complement system to be involved in defense against Trypanosoma cruzi infection and indicate that curbed TLR4 activation might be beneficial in preventing CCC.Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects up to 8 million people in Latin America, with up to 13,000 annual deaths. Infection persists lifelong. Still, only one-third of patients develop manifestations, mainly chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). The pathogenesis of progression to chronic symptomatic CD is poorly understood, but it involves immunological and autoimmunological factors and genetic disposition.1,2 Innate immune responses contribute to host control, and T. cruzi has been shown to bind to mannose-binding lectin (MBL), which activates the lectin pathway of early complement killing and reduces host cell invasion.3 Also, T. cruzi activates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) system, particularly TLRs 2 and 4, which ultimately leads to a proinflammatory response. 4 Genetic variation of innate immunity may influence infection and manifestation, which has been shown for MBL and TLR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various infectious and inflammatory diseases. 5,6 Specifically, an increased risk of severe CCC has been attributed to high MBL serum levels, 7 but respective genotypic data are not available. In contrast, a mutation in the TLR adaptor protein MAL/TIRAP (S180L) has been associated with a reduced risk of CCC. 8In the provinces of Choapa and Limarí, northern Chile, CD is highly endemic, and although Chile was declared free of domestic T. cruzi transmission in 1999, vertical transmission and management of chronically infected patients continue.9 In this area, a cohort of patients has been regularly followed-up since the 1990s. 10 In these patients and healthy individuals, we typed common SNPs that reduce the function of TLRs involved in the recognition of T. cruzi as well as low-producer MBL2 alleles and analyzed associations with CD and CCC.Patients were recruited from the CD cohort in November of 2007 and May of 2008. In the patients' villages, healthy volunteers were asked to participate as controls. All study participants were thoroughly informed about study purpose and procedures, and they signed an ...

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Xenodiagnosis

Cited by 51 publications

References 22 publications

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

Co-infection Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV: systematic review (1980 - 2010)

Mannose-Binding Lectin and Toll-Like Receptor Polymorphisms and Chagas Disease in Chile

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