“…ERα and ERβ are also extrinsic plasma membrane proteins that engage E2 and trigger the activation of extra‐nuclear signals (e.g., PI3 K/AKT, ERK/MAPK pathways). Nuclear and extra‐nuclear mechanisms are intertwined and are both necessary for normal cell and organ functions in vivo (Acconcia et al, , ; Adlanmerini et al, ; Ascenzi, Bocedi, & Marino, ; La Rosa, Pesiri, Leclercq, Marino, & Acconcia, ; Levin & Hammes, ; Pedram, Razandi, Lewis, Hammes, & Levin, ). ERα and ERβ intracellular levels are also finely regulated by E2, which induces ERα degradation and increases ERβ intracellular concentration.…”