Xenophobia Is a Foreign Manifestation

Abstract

This chapter has argued that South Africa is not xenophobic contrary to media and some scholars' opinions. It has been shown that xenophobia is not only about hatred to foreign nationals but that foreign nationals collude with national ones in forming rival groups to compete for economic gains. This dispels the theory that the country is xenophobic since hatred and fear are not easy to measure. It also offered that contrary to the theory that migration gives rise to xenophobia with movements of the people crossing borders, the real cause of migration in this case is underdevelopment that followed the occupation of the continent by the European countries. The borders they imposed were designed to divide and rule the continent, and Africa must resolve the border issue, the land issue; teach the history of the continent; and hold festivals with SADC countries to show the unity of the continent. The African Union should have a permanent agenda issue on the unity of the continent.

Determinants of social norms I – the role of geography

“…Being landlocked also slows down the exchange of ideas, hampering the adoption of and inducing low levels of innovation. Musitha (2021) argues that landlocked countries have higher levels of ethnocentrism and xenophobia. Although being landlocked is a consequence of how national borders are drawn and not a specific geographical feature, a number of terrain characteristics are highly correlated or have very similar effects with being landlocked.…”