Xenopus chordin: A novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes

Sasai, Yoshiki; Lü, Bin; Steinbeißer, Herbert; Geissert, Douglas; Gont, Linda K.; Robertis, Edward M. De

doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90068-x

Cited by 1,043 publications

(741 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Levels of endogenous and active β‐catenin also increased following injection of xPAWS1 mRNA into naïve animal caps (Fig 3B and D). Finally, animal caps expressing xPAWS1 activated the direct Wnt target Siamois 20, 21, 22 and the dorsalising factor Chordin 18, confirming that PAWS1 can activate the canonical Wnt pathway (Fig 3F). We mapped the domain of PAWS1 that is required for Wnt signalling by testing the ability of different PAWS1 fragments to induce secondary axes in Xenopus and to activate Siamois expression in animal caps (Fig 3G–I).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

PAWS 1 controls Wnt signalling through association with casein kinase 1α

Bozatzi

Dingwell

et al. 2018

EMBO Reports

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The BMP and Wnt signalling pathways determine axis specification during embryonic development. Our previous work has shown that PAWS1 (also known as FAM83G) interacts with SMAD1 and modulates BMP signalling. Here, surprisingly, we show that overexpression of PAWS1 in Xenopus embryos activates Wnt signalling and causes complete axis duplication. Consistent with these observations in Xenopus, Wnt signalling is diminished in U2OS osteosarcoma cells lacking PAWS1, while BMP signalling is unaffected. We show that PAWS1 interacts and co‐localises with the α isoform of casein kinase 1 (CK1), and that PAWS1 mutations incapable of binding CK1 fail both to activate Wnt signalling and to elicit axis duplication in Xenopus embryos.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

PAWS 1 controls Wnt signalling through association with casein kinase 1α

Bozatzi

Dingwell

et al. 2018

EMBO Reports

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“…Primer and PCR conditions have been described: odc (Osborne et al, 1991); goosecoid (gsc), Xbrachyury (Xbra) (Wilson and Melton, 1994); and chordin (Sasai et al, 1994).…”

Section: Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For FGF8, endocytosis regulates the amount of extracellular protein available for signaling, and the distance the protein can travel from the source of production (Scholpp and Brand, 2004). Receptor availability and extracellular antagonists are powerful dynamic regulators of morphogen gradients (Smith and Harland, 1992;Sasai et al, 1994;Bouwmeester et al, 1996;Goodrich et al, 1996;Meno et al, 1996Meno et al, , 1999Thisse and Thisse, 1999;Cheng et al, 2000;Tanegashima et al, 2000;Larrain et al, 2001;Branford and Yost, 2002;Chang et al, 2003;Harms and Chang, 2003;Zhang et al, 2004). In addition, the preferential degradation of a particular mRNA can contribute to formation of a morphogen gradient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenopus Lefty requires proprotein cleavage but not N‐linked glycosylation to inhibit nodal signaling

Westmoreland

Takahashi

Wright

2007

Developmental Dynamics

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The Nodal and Nodal-related morphogens are utilized for the specification of distinct cellular identity throughout development by activating discrete target genes in a concentration-dependant manner. Lefty is a principal extracellular antagonist involved in the spatiotemporal regulation of the Nodal morphogen gradient during mesendoderm induction. The Xenopus Lefty proprotein contains a single N-linked glycosylation motif in the mature domain and two potential cleavage sites that would be expected to produce long (Xlefty L ) and short (Xlefty S ) isoforms. Here we demonstrate that both isoforms were secreted from Xenopus oocytes, but that Xlefty L is the only isoform detected when embryonic tissue was analyzed. In mesoderm induction assays, Xlefty L is the functional blocker of Xnr signaling. When secreted from oocytes, vertebrate Lefty molecules were N-linked glycosylated. However, glycan addition was not required to inhibit Xnr signaling and did not influence its movement through the extracellular space. These findings demonstrate that Lefty molecules undergo post-translational modifications and that some of these modifications are required for the Nodal inhibitory function.

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“…This approach has led to the cloning of several interesting genes (e.g., Smith et al, 1995;Lemaire et al, 1995;Lustig et al, 1997;Laurent et al, 1997), and it is hard to imagine a similar approach being so effective in another species. Chordin was cloned as a dorsally enriched gene, one of a series of genes cloned by the DeRobertis group based on their anatomic restriction of their enrichment in embryos manipulated to be dorsalized (Sasai et al, 1994). Isolation of sufficient material from specific anatomic regions was facilitated by the large size of Xenopus embryos, whereas the dorsalizing manipulations were only possible because of the accessibility of the early embryo and the large background knowledge of how such manipulations are carried out (Blumberg et al, 1991).…”

Section: Morphogens In Vivo Part Ii: Fgfs and Bmpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphogen gradients, positional information, and Xenopus: Interplay of theory and experiment

Green

2002

Developmental Dynamics

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The idea of morphogen gradients has long been an important one in developmental biology. Studies with amphibians and with Xenopus in particular have made significant contributions to demonstrating the existence, identity, and mechanisms of action of morphogens. Mesoderm induction and patterning by activin, nodals, bone morphogenetic proteins, and fibroblast growth factors have been analyzed thoroughly and reveal recurrent and combinatorial roles for these protein growth factor morphogens and their antagonists. The dynamics of nodal-type signaling and the intersection of VegT and ␤-catenin intracellular gradients reveal detailed steps in early long-range patterning. Interpretation of gradients requires sophisticated mechanisms for sharpening thresholds, and the activin-Xbra-Gsc system provides an example of this. The understanding of growth factor signal transduction has elucidated growth factor morphogen action and provided tools for dissecting their direct longrange action and distribution. The physical mechanisms of morphogen gradient establishment are the focus of new interest at both the experimental and theoretical level. General themes and emerging trends in morphogen gradient studies are discussed.

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Xenopus chordin: A novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes

Cited by 1,043 publications

References 45 publications

PAWS 1 controls Wnt signalling through association with casein kinase 1α

PAWS 1 controls Wnt signalling through association with casein kinase 1α

Xenopus Lefty requires proprotein cleavage but not N‐linked glycosylation to inhibit nodal signaling

Morphogen gradients, positional information, and Xenopus: Interplay of theory and experiment

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