2001
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0850
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Xenotransplantation and tolerance

Abstract: The application of xenotransplantation faces daunting immunological hurdles, some of which might be overcome with the induction of tolerance. Porcine organs transplanted into primates are subject to several types of rejection responses. Hyperacute rejection mediated by naturally occurring xenoreactive antibodies and complement can be overcome without tolerance. Acute vascular rejection and cellular rejection, however, may present important opportunities for immunological tolerance, and humoral rejection might … Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…Treatment of recipients and genetic manipulations of source animals have been used with some success to extend survival of porcine organs in non-human primates beyond hyperacute and even beyond delayed vascular rejection [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Numerous approaches to induce tolerance to xenografts are also being studied, including T-cell depletion, induction of hematopoietic cell chimerism, thymic transplantation, and costimulatory blockade [15,16]; however, the prevention or control of cellular rejection remains a significant barrier to successful xenotransplantation.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Treatment of recipients and genetic manipulations of source animals have been used with some success to extend survival of porcine organs in non-human primates beyond hyperacute and even beyond delayed vascular rejection [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Numerous approaches to induce tolerance to xenografts are also being studied, including T-cell depletion, induction of hematopoietic cell chimerism, thymic transplantation, and costimulatory blockade [15,16]; however, the prevention or control of cellular rejection remains a significant barrier to successful xenotransplantation.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such a selective immunological acceptance of a "foreign" graft by the immune system is known as immune tolerance. Tolerance is defined as the specific immune nonresponsiveness to an immunogenic stimulus (Samstein and Platt, 2001). There are some underlying assumptions to this definition of tolerance.…”
Section: Immune Modulation Andmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The initial barrier to xenotransplantation, a process of hyperacute rejection, is now overcome by using organs from transgenic pigs expressing human regulators of complement (3), depleting xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) from the recipient's circulation (4), or eradicating Gal(␣)1-3Gal by knocking out (␣)1,3 galactosyltransferase in cloned pigs (5). Acute vascular rejection and T lymphocyte-dependent xenograft rejection are now the major immunologic barriers that remain to be overcome (6).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%